The Professional Counselor (TPC)

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the obstacles for military families and their children.
2. Readers will be more familiar with specific challenges for children from military families as they shift from one school to another.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the resources available for children from military families, such as school counselors and the community.

S. Beth Ruff, EdD; Michael A. Keim, PhD

1. Readers will become aware of resources available for the assessment, diagnosis, case conceptualization, and treatment of PTSD in combat veterans.
2. Readers will understand updated information on assessment tools and treatment strategies validated on this population.
3. Readers will be able to review new technology and mobile apps designed to assist with the treatment of combat PTSD.
   

1. Readers will be more familiar with the need of mental health services in military populations.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about ethical considerations for counselors when working with military populations.
3. Readers will be more familiar with two ethical decision-making models applicable in ethical conflicts.
   

1. Readers will understand the unique challenges that veterans face in transition to civilian employment.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the results of a survey of members of a national program that helps transition veterans to K-12 teaching positions to understand the relationship between life satisfaction and career transition variables.
3. Readers will understand how the results of the survey can be utilized in counseling practice and future research.
   

1. Readers will understand through a review of the literature the negative and positive impacts of deployment on military wives and the need to further understand deployment stages.
2. Readers will understand the relationship of attachment theory to wives' reactions during the post-deployment period.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the results of a factor analysis based on a survey of post-deployment wives and implications for counselors and researchers.
   

1. Readers will understand through a review of the literature current evidence-based interventions being used with service-related disabled veterans.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the use of a group counseling approach to career counseling with visually impaired veterans using the cognitive processing (CIP) approach.
3. Readers will be able to utilize an outline of the group approach and understand special considerations and limitations related to this approach.
   

1. Readers will understand the unique needs of student veterans related to career development.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the results of a career assessment survey in understanding the needs of student veterans in a university setting through the topics that the survey results indicated were a priority for these students.
3. Readers will be able to understand how the results of the needs survey can be utilized to develop a career-related assessment.
   

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the history of trauma.
2. Readers will be able to identify challenges in the DSM-IV-TR regarding trauma.
3. Readers will understand how trauma is reevaluated in the DSM-5 compared to past versions.
   

1. Readers will be more familiar with the prevalence of eating disorders according to the DSM-IV.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the changes made in the DSM-5, compared to the DSM-IV, for various feeding and eating disorders.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how to diagnose feeding and eating disorders according to the DSM-5.
   

1. Readers will understand some history and some of the issues faced by refugees from the former Yugoslavia.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from a phenomenological study utilizing in-depth interviews of 10 participants to understand themes related to the migration and resettlement experiences of people who have settled in the United States from the former Yugoslavia.
3. Readers will understand implications for counseling practice and counselor education.
   

1. Readers will understand some of the challenges faced by mental health counselors working in rural communities.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data presented from a phenomenological study grounded in critical theory gathered from four rural mental health counselors.
3. Readers will understand implications for practice, counselor education, and research.
   

1. Readers will be able to understand a summary through a review of the literature of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a logic model proposed by the authors based on an analysis of the ASCA National Model to guide program evaluation of the model that encompasses three outcomes, seven outputs, six clusters of activities, and two inputs.
3. Readers will understand the identification by the authors of evaluation studies of the ASCA National Model.
   

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the variables that lead school counselors to burnout.
2. Readers will understand how the assignments of non-counselor duties impacts school counselors' burnout.
3. Readers will be more familiar with how the type of duties and quantity of these tasks affect school counselors and their rate of burnout.
   

1. Readers will understand the differences in male and female adolescents related to emotional expression, especially anger, and the influence of culture and misconceptions related to gender differences through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 18 adolescents who participated in an anger management group and completed an instrument pre- and post-group intervention.
3. Readers will be able to apply results to their own work with adolescents and understand limitations and implications toward working with this population.
   

1. Readers will understand the history of the Black Church including its role during slavery and the civil rights movement as well as its current context.
2. Readers will understand the theology of the Black Church.
3. Readers will understand recommendations for counselors based on the information provided and how it may influence clients to choose to turn to spiritual resources to address mental health issues rather than a counselor.
   

1. Readers will understand Holland's RIASEC personality typology.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the number of occupational titles categorized by the RIASEC areas from 1960 to 2010.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how counselors can better assist clients with occupation and employment.
   

1. Readers will understand the socio-demographic characteristics and psychosocial health status of women artisanal miners in the Philippines as well as understand a description of the province where these mining activities take place.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data presented through a descriptive multiple case study design which gathered information regarding the demographics, psychosocial health status, coping processes, perseverance, and stress management of 26 women miners.
3. Readers will understand how the results of the study could be utilized to develop a self-efficacy enhancement program for women miners such as the ones in the study.
   

1. Readers will understand the description and application of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the use of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on a sample of five nursing students in order to reduce stress using an AB single-subject design replicated three times.
3. Readers will understand implications for college counselors, counselors working with clients in high-stress occupations, and potential usefulness in individual counseling of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
   

1. Readers will understand an overview of sensory processing disorder, subtypes, prevalence, challenges in diagnosis, common treatment, and etiology, and its impact on children and families.
2. Readers will understand recommendations and resources for school and mental health counselors when working with children with this diagnosis.
3. Readers will be able to analyze a case study and understand recommendations for counselors working with sensory processing disorder.
   

1. Readers will understand an overview of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand how this therapeutic intervention originally designed to be utilized with children diagnosed with oppositional defiant and conduct disorder can also be effectively used with children with special needs.
3. Readers will be able to analyze a case study presented by the authors of the use of PCIT with a child with autism.
   

This article examined student binge drinking in wet vs. dry houses of the Greek system in a large sample of students. Implications and directions for future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand through a review of the literature an introduction to binge drinking in student members of the Greek system, consequences, and the introduction of Greek housing and dry vs. wet housing.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data comparing student binge drinking in dry sorority houses vs. dry fraternity houses vs. wet fraternity houses from 735 students.
3. Readers will understand that while students in the dry sorority houses were involved in less binge drinking than their male counterparts in either dry or wet houses, binge drinking is still higher than recommended in all of Greek life based on this study.
   

Kathleen Brown-Rice, PhD, NCC, ACS, LCAS, LPC; Susan Furr, PhD

This article examines the types of existing intimate partner violence but specifically how technology may influence young adults' view of relationships and their risk for intimate partner violence.

1. Readers will understand the types of intimate partner violence.
2. Readers will be more familiar with how intimate partner violence takes place among young adults.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how technology influences young adult relationships and its overall risk on intimate partner violence.
   

Ryan G. Carlson, PhD, NCC, LMHC; Jessica Fripp, PhD, NCC; Christopher Cook, PhD, LPC; Viki Kelchner, PhD, NCC, CSC, LPC, LPS

This article examines the self-perception of multicultural counseling competence in bilingual master's-level counseling students through a study of a sample of these students comparing them to their monolingual counterparts. Implications for counselor training, practice, and future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of multicultural competence and the interaction with bilingualism and culture through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 178 master's-level counseling students regarding their perceptions of multicultural counseling competence as compared to their monolingual student colleagues.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselor training, counseling practice, and future research from the data presented.
   

Nathaniel N. Ivers, PhD, NCC, LPC; José A. Villalba, PhD, LPC

This article examines the concept of sibling abuse and how school counselors perceive their role and response to such situations. The author also provides implications for counselors and counselor educators.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about violence between siblings, also known as sibling aggression.
2. Readers will be more familiar with how school counselors perceive their role to ensure students' safety pertaining to sibling abuse.
3. Readers will be more familiar with what school counselors perceive as factors that contribute to or influence how they view or respond to students in sibling abuse situations.
   

Diane M. Stutey, PhD, NCC, LPC, RPT

This article introduces guidelines regarding the use of technology presented by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act and discusses how these guidelines can be utilized in counselor education.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act.
2. Readers will understand the guidelines provided by HIPAA and HITECH regarding the use of technology.
3. Readers will understand how the guidelines provided by HIPAA and HITECH can be utilized to design policies and procedures to guide the ethical use of technology and how to teach these uses in counselor education programs.
   

Tyler Wilkinson, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Rob Reinhardt, NCC, LCMHCS

1. Readers will be able to understand the advantages of synchronous learning strategies for online teaching in counselor education.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a model for combining synchronous and asynchronous teaching methods in counselor education.
3. Readers will be able to evaluate important issues to consider when developing synchronous methods for online teaching.
   

1. Readers will be able to evaluate the efficacy of vocational and guidance interventions within today's world of work.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the idea of changing occupations and how these changes may influence the delivery of career services.
3. Readers will be able to evaluate actual changes in today's occupations and apply that understanding to clinical implications for career counseling.
   

1. Readers will be able to analyze current research related to older adult LGBT individuals.
2. Readers will learn more about the importance of individuality among LGBT individuals.
3. Readers will become familiar with strategies to better work with older adult LGBT individuals and couples.
   

1. Readers will be able to analyze current research related to college students' perceptions of professional counselors' effectiveness.
2. Readers will be able to recognize why professional counselors were viewed positively among college students.
3. Readers will become familiar with the sources that most influenced the college students' perception of counselors.
   

1. Readers will gain more information about the current issues related to the childhood disorder called selective mutism.
2. Readers will become more knowledgeable about various treatment approaches to selective mutism.
3. Readers will become familiar with strategies to use when working with children with selective mutism.
   

1. Readers will be able to discuss the risks to society of the cycle of poor parenting practices passed to and from at-risk youth.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the effectiveness of parenthood education in remediating the cycle of poor parenting practices.
3. Readers will become familiar with three parenthood education programs and the research related to their effectiveness.
   

1. Readers will be able to analyze how counseling research literature and professional standards correspond and contrast across a 10-year time span.
2. Readers will be able to understand how the American Counseling Association, the Journal of Counseling & Development, the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs, and the National Board for Certified Counselors interact with and influence one another.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast the work and purposes of three leading counseling organizations and counseling's flagship journal.
   

1. Readers will become knowledgeable about the history of counseling in Venezuela.
2. Readers will be able to explain how counseling in Venezuela evolved from an education-based activity to a technique-driven intervention.
3. Readers will be able to describe current trends in Venezuelan counseling.
   

1. Readers will gain a better understanding of child-rearing challenges for military parents as they also cope with personal stressors.
2. Readers will become more knowledgeable about military family dynamics and parenting styles.
3. Readers will learn effective counseling interventions for working with military parents and families.
   

1. Readers will become knowledgeable about the types and nature of support services used by parents of children with special needs.
2. Readers will better understand the effectiveness of how certain support services can help reduce stress levels and/or increase the coping skills of parents of children with special needs.
3. Readers will be able to recognize why certain low-cost services are a significant priority to parents of children with special needs.
   

1. Readers will be able to define social distance related to stigma toward individuals with a serious mental health condition.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast the need for social distance between mental health and non–mental health trainees and professionals.
3. Readers will be able to describe how social distance is related to attitudes toward adults with mental illness.
   

1. Readers will be able to better understand how the personal strengths and abilities of mental health professionals correspond to theoretical orientation.
2. Readers will be able to ascertain the association between assertiveness vs. passiveness and insight-oriented approaches vs. directive, action-oriented approaches of mental health professionals.
3. Readers will be able to apply their understanding of the interaction between personal traits and professional theoretical orientation to counselor education and professional practice.
   

The article focuses on the need to better understand adolescent mental health literacy. By conducting a pilot study to replicate a larger study from 2006, the article addresses the consistencies and differences and also encourages further research.

1. Readers will become more knowledgeable on mental health literacy related to adolescents struggling with depression and suicide.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast the current pilot study with Burns and Rapee's 2006 study.
3. Readers will become more familiar with the potential benefit of directly including adolescents when offering mental health services.
   

John McCarthy, PhD; Michelle Bruno, PhD, LPC; Teresa E. Fernandes

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how CACREP standards compare to students' perceived preparation from their counseling doctoral programs.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast research focusing on how well doctoral programs prepare students to become future faculty.
3. Readers will be more familiar with recommended counseling education training practices.
   

This article compares the use of two psychoeducational groups with 15 elementary-age students. A combination of self-report and teacher-report instruments are analyzed using t-tests and results show that both psychoeducation methods demonstrated significantly positive results for students in several behavioral outcomes.

1. Readers will be able to compare and contrast Psychosocial Educational Groups for Students (PEGS) and At-Risk Kids Groups (ARK) as psychosocial educational programs for use with children in group counseling in schools.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast the differences in a traditional psychoeducation method vs. one targeting peer victimization.
3. Readers will be able to analyze whether psychoeducation groups will have an effect on social skills, problem behaviors, peer relationships, and self-esteem.
   

Rebecca A. Newgent, PhD, NCC, LCPC; Kristin K. Higgins, PhD, LPC-S; Stephanie E. Belk, PhD, NCSC; Bonni A. Nickens Behrend, PhD, NCSC; Kelly A. Dunbar, PhD, NCC, NCSC, BC-TMH, LPC-S

1. Readers will be able to understand how self-efficacy, statistics anxiety, attitude toward statistics, and social support interact to contribute to graduate students' ability to learn statistics.
2. Readers will become knowledgeable in how graduate students respond to statistics courses and will be able to evaluate the implications for educators and students.
3. Readers will better understand how statistical self-efficacy beliefs contribute to student success.
   

This article discusses the necessity and possible revitalization of educational counseling as a distinct counseling specialization utilizing Holland's RIASEC theory as a valid tool to benefit students and schools.

1. Readers will be able to evaluate the advantages of revitalizing educational counseling and its potential application to students and schools.
2. Readers will be able to apply theories such as Holland's RIASEC theory to the revitalization of educational counseling.
3. Readers will understand how the RIASEC theory can be utilized by specifying the kinds of conditions and traits
   associated with difficulties in educational decision making.
   

Robert C. Reardon, PhD; Sara C. Bertoch, PhD

1. Readers will have a better understanding of how adolescents conceptualize healthy and unhealthy dating relationships.
2. Readers will have a better understanding of adolescents' exposure to relationship violence and how they respond.
3. Readers will be more familiar with recommended interventions when working with adolescents to promote healthy dating relationships.
   

1. Readers will gain a better understanding of the postmodern theories underlying narrative and collaborative therapies.
2. Readers will better understand the issues of power and knowledge in therapy from the clients' narratives and the therapeutic alliance.
3. Readers will be more familiar with the implications of counselors recognizing and addressing power during clinical practice.
   

1. Readers will be provided an overview of counselor training programs in England and Ireland.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast themes in counselor preparation between England and Ireland and the United States.
3. Readers will understand how the importance of accreditation relates to the academic preparation of counselors in the U.S. and abroad.
   

1. Readers will understand how burnout can affect counselors, especially counselors-in-training.
2. Readers will be able to understand the interaction among self-care, burnout, and supervision in promoting counselor resilience in counselors-in-training.
3.  Readers will understand the emphasis of the role of supervision in promoting resilience against burnout in counselors-in-training.
   

1. Readers will have more information on the history and assessment of sexual orientation.
2. Readers will be able to better evaluate the construction of an instrument to help counselors assisting clients interested in exploring their sexual orientation.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast research findings related to educating counselors working with individuals interested in learning more about their sexual orientations.
   

1. Readers will have more information on the counseling profession's genesis and growth.
2. Readers will have a better understanding of the counseling profession's challenges and opportunities.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast possible future opportunities for the counseling profession from the author's point of view to existing research.
   

1. Readers will understand the effects of homophobia on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the level of outness to family, friends, and colleagues relative to internalized homophobia.
3. Readers will be able to understand how counselors can provide support to help LGB clients combat internalized homophobia and support the coming-out process.
   

1. Readers will understand the importance of teaching business-related concepts to counselors-in-training.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the development, implementation, and evaluation of one example of a course designed to teach business-related concepts.
3. Readers will be able to analyze implications and recommendations for counselor education.
   

1. Readers will understand the process of rational emotive-social behavior consultation as a consultation method used by school counselors with teachers.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast the effectiveness of rational emotive-social behavior consultation offered face-to-face vs. online through the presentation of data analysis utilizing a modified posttest quasi-experimental design.
3. School counselors will be able to utilize implications and recommendations regarding this method of consultation and its recommended delivery based on the data.
   

1. Readers will understand through a review of the literature that mental health services are often underutilized and that there are six types of mental health service providers (MHSPs).
2. Readers will be able to analyze the results of a survey of undergraduate students related to mental health service utilization and how perceptions of these services have been linked to therapeutic outcomes and may potentially serve as barriers to treatment.
3. Readers will understand the value of educating future consumers and practitioners about the roles of various
   MHSPs in providing mental health services and how this affects potential future research.
   

1. Readers will understand the definition of self-efficacy and the relationship of self-efficacy beliefs to clinical supervisor development.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the results from phenomenological qualitative research involving counselor education doctoral students leading to four themes associated with self-efficacy beliefs.
3. Readers will be able to understand how the results apply to counselor education and supervision and future research.
   

This article focuses on how developing a clearer definition of a counselor identity could help Mexico's development of the counseling profession. By comparing and contrasting students' and professional counselors' personal views of counselor identities, the authors suggest how the profession has grown in Mexico and how it could continue to develop.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of Mexico's counseling profession.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the value of better understanding a counselor's identity development.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast how counselor identities are defined between counseling students and professional counselors in Mexico.

Viviana Demichelis Machorro, PhD; Antonio Tena Suck, PhD

1. Readers will be more familiar with the need for mental health resources internationally.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how global community mental health initiatives may mitigate mental health gaps.
3. Readers will be more familiar with the Mental Health Facilitator program, a mental health training program, and its potential impact.
   

This article focuses on the changes in definition, diagnosis, and treatment of major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and schizophrenia from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. The authors also provide case examples for these disorders to show how application may differ when adapting to DSM-5.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of how the DSM-IV-TR defined and provided treatment for major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and schizophrenia.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about changes from the DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 for major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and schizophrenia.
3. Readers will be more familiar with how to apply the diagnosis changes from the DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 regarding major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and schizophrenia.

Laura E. Welfare, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Ryan M. Cook, PhD, ACS, LPC

This article provides an argument for the importance of all counselors to have a thorough understanding of the DSM-5.  It provides an overview of the most recent revision process, key structural and philosophical changes, and guidance for diagnostic features.

1. Readers will understand why it is important for all counselors to have a thorough understanding of the DSM-5.
2. Readers will understand the most recent revision process and key structural and philosophical changes in the DSM-5.
3. Readers will understand practice implications, including guidance for how to record diagnoses, use diagnostic specifiers, and incorporate emerging assessment measures.

Stephanie F. Dailey, EdD, NCC, ACS, LPC, CEHD; Carman S. Gill, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Shannon L. Karl, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LMHC; Casey A. Barrio Minton, PhD, NCC

1. Readers will understand an overview of dimensional assessment and of the emerging measures introduced as part of the DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
2. Readers will understand the authors' argument that the emerging measures endorsed by APA lack validity and alignment with DSM-5 criteria.
3. Readers will analyze the arguments put forth by the authors that counselors should use caution in utilizing the emerging measures in light of the fact that these measures may not complement the categorical system in the DSM-5.
   

1. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of six mental health disorders with a focus on changes from the DSM-IV-TR to the DSM-5.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a clinical vignette used as an example of DSM-5 use in counseling practice.
3. Readers will be able to analyze sample diagnoses for each disorder classification in the DSM-5.
   

This article provides an overview of the career and work challenges of traditionally marginalized populations and how these challenges can be exacerbated by a struggling economy. The article provides action steps for career development professionals in working with these populations and discusses implications.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the career and work challenges of traditionally marginalized populations, the identification of these populations, and how these challenges are exacerbated by economic challenges.
2. Readers will understand suggested action steps that career development professionals can take to assist traditionally marginalized populations in a challenging economy.
3. Readers will understand implications for practice, training, theory, research, social justice, and advocacy for career development professionals.

Kevin A. Tate, PhD; Kathleen M. Fallon-Kline, PhD, BCC; Elaine J. Casquarelli, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPCC; Laura Reid Marks, PhD

This article focuses on how international experiences can impact counselors' multicultural development and what counseling programs are doing to support their students and faculty. The piloted study evaluated the ability of counseling students and faculty to participate in international activities.

1. Readers will be more familiar with how international activities are incorporated into counseling programs for students and faculty.
2. Readers will understand the factors that increase or limit counselor educators' and trainees' involvement in international activities.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the factors that provide counselor educators more opportunities for international activities when compared to students.

Laura Shannonhouse, PhD, NCC, LPC; Jane E. Myers, PhD, NCC, LPC

1. Readers will understand through a brief introduction the recent evolution of Malaysian universities within the evolution of the country.
2. Readers will understand the importance of monitoring Malaysian university student psychological well-being in the context of rapid institutional change within the country.
3. Readers will be able to analyze data collected though an online measure administered to Malaysian students in a 3-phase longitudinal study meant to track psychological well-being of students over time.
   

This article examines the challenges of parenting children with autism, especially those experienced by fathers with children that have Asperger's disorder. The authors' interviews with fathers display how humanistic counseling may be a useful tool when working with families of children with Asperger's disorder.

1. Readers will understand how raising children with disabilities, specifically autism, impacts fathers.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how raising children with Asperger's disorder affects fathers.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how fathers perceive parenting children with Asperger's disorder.

Michael D. Hannon, PhD, LAC

1. Readers will be able to analyze a model reflecting women's career development in academia that can help a career counselor conceptualize the concerns of women clients who work in academia.
2. Readers will be able to analyze how the presented model presents a new perspective for women's careers in academia.
3. Readers will understand career counseling implications, limitations, and future directions.
   

This article examines the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and counseling outcomes with students in a university setting. Implications for SES research and counseling are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand through a summary review of the literature the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and client outcomes.
2. Readers will be able to analyze through a regression analysis of outcome measures administered to 54 students the link between SES and motivation, treatment expectancy, and social support.
3. Readers will understand implications for SES research and counseling.

Lisa D. Hawley, PhD, LPC; Tobb W. Leibert, PhD, LPC; Joel A. Lane, PhD, NCC, LPC

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the historical context of school counselors.
2. Readers will be more familiar with competing identity models between educator and counselor for school counselors.
3. Readers will be more familiar with strategies to mitigate the stresses of competing roles for school counselors.
   

1. Readers will understand the rapid societal changes affecting the mental health of students in China and the importance of school counselors in addressing student mental health needs.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data collected from high school students in Beijing regarding their perceptions of their school counselors' availability, achievement test knowledge,
   friendliness and approachability, understanding students’ point of view, student advocacy, request response promptness, ability to explain things clearly, reliability in keeping promises, and overall effectiveness.
3. Through the data analysis, readers will understand the gender differences in the results and the overall satisfaction and positive evaluation from the students regarding counseling services in their schools.
   

1. Readers will be more familiar with South Asian culture.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about facilitating group counseling for South Asian high school girls.
3. Readers will understand how school counselors could better navigate the cultural dynamics of South Asian high school girls.
   

This article introduces the Student Engagement in School Success Skills Survey (SESSS) and utilizes data collected from a large sample of fifth graders to test convergent and divergent validity of the instrument in comparison with two other instruments. Suggestions for future research of the instrument are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the need for an assessment to measure student use of skills and strategies toward academic success and how the Student Engagement in School Success Skills survey (SESSS) was developed to meet this need.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 4,342 students to compare and contrast results of subscales with two other assessments in order to test convergent and divergent validity of the SESSS.
3. Readers will understand the strength of the SESSS based on the results and directions for future research toward discriminating the dimensions within this assessment.

Elizabeth Villares, PhD; Kimberly Colvin, EdD; John Carey, PhD; Linda Webb, PhD; Greg Brigman, PhD, LPC; Karen Harrington, CAGS

This article examines self-efficacy in school mental health counselors and compares the influence of training versus peer support and supervision via measures distributed to and analyzed from a sample of this population.

1. Readers will understand the concept of self-efficacy and how it relates to school mental health practitioners through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the data presented from 72 school mental health practitioners examining the influence of quality training vs. peer support and supervision on self-efficacy in these practitioners.
3. Based on the results, readers will understand the importance of self-efficacy for this population and the need to work to help enhance this trait.

Bryn E. Schiele, PhD; Mark D. Weist, PhD; Eric A. Youngstrom, PhD; Sharon H. Stephan, PhD; Nancy A. Lever, PhD

1. Readers will understand the unique challenges for school counselors serving in rural communities especially related to clinical supervision needs.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data collected from a survey of 118 school counselors serving in rural settings regarding their supervision needs and experiences as well as information about supervision training.
3. Readers will understand implications for school counselors and future researchers.
   

This article focuses on the role that school counselors play in helping students with postsecondary planning. The authors found themes on why counselors felt unprepared and provided recommendations based on the results.

1. Readers will understand the gap between the support that school counselors are expected to provide versus what they are able to provide to high school students to prepare for postsecondary schooling.
2. Readers will understand the impact that school counselors have toward postsecondary planning.
3. Readers will have a better understanding of how secondary school counselors viewed their roles and capabilities of information delivery to students regarding postsecondary pursuits.

Leann Wyrick Morgan, PhD, LPC, CCCE; Mary Ellen Greenwaldt, LPC; Kevin P. Gosselin, PhD

1. Readers will be more familiar with military culture.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the implications for school counselors around military culture.
3. Readers will understand the impact of school counselors working with children from military families.
   

This article introduces cognitive mapping pedagogy and a formula to be utilized in teaching counseling students fundamental skills, helping students to learn these skills in a way that is less overwhelming. Implications for future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the challenges of introducing fundamental counseling skills to beginning counseling students.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the use of cognitive mapping to assist counseling students in learning new skills through an introduction to cognitive mapping pedagogy and the introduction of a cognitive mapping formula.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the use of cognitive mapping to assist students to learn new skills through the use of three examples.

Susan A. Adams, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Alice Vasquez, NCC; Mindy Prengler, LPC

This article focuses on the effectiveness of counseling internships at a university in Adana, Turkey. The author evaluated the experiences of counselors-in-training by interviewing them and their supervisors.

1. Readers will be more familiar with the aspects of professional identity for counselors-in-training.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the effects of a counseling internship experience, specifically for school counselors.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the effectiveness of a counseling internship in Turkey, based on the perspective of supervisors and counseling interns.

Meral Atici, PhD

This article examines the career adaptability of adolescent mothers through a study of 101 mothers using several measurement instruments. Results are discussed as are strategies to further career adaptability and resiliency in these potential clients.

1. Readers will understand the challenges for adolescent mothers and how this relates to challenges in career development through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from a study of 101 adolescent mothers that examined current career adaptability, resiliency, and potential obstacles to career
   development.
3. Readers will be able to review proposed strategies to further the three components of career adaptability (planfulness, exploration, and decision making) and resiliency in the population.

Heather Barto, PhD, LPC; Simone Lambert, PhD, NCC, LPC; Pamela Brott, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

This article introduces the integration of wellness into clinical supervision, outlines an integrative wellness model, introduces a case study, and discusses implications for counseling.

1. Readers will understand through a review of the literature how wellness can be integrated into clinical supervision for counselors.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the introduction by the authors of an integrative wellness model (IWM) for counseling supervision.
3. Readers will be able to evaluate the goals, strengths, and limitations of the IWM; evaluate its application to a case study; and understand implications for counseling.

Ashley J. Blount, PhD; Patrick R. Mullen, PhD, NCC, NCSC, ACS

1. Readers will be more familiar with the factors that influence graduate students to select a counseling program.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about CACREP accreditation, including its history, benefits, and challenges.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast literature on what graduate students value when selecting a counseling program.
   

This article explores work engagement and its role in mediating the relationship between organizational support of evidence-based practice and educational growth and perceived professional expertise in practicing counselors. Implications for counseling practice and recommendations for further research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the role of work engagement; the use of evidence-based practice; and how supportive organizational contexts, work engagement, and professional expertise interact to influence counselor practice through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 78 counselors to understand how work engagement mediates the relationship between organizational support of evidence-based practice and educational growth and perceived professional expertise.
3. Readers will understand implications for counseling practice and recommendations for future research.

Varda Konstam, PhD, LMHC; Amy Cook, PhD, LMHC, LSC; Sara Tomek, PhD; Esmaeil Mahdavi, PhD; Robert Gracia, PhD; Alexander H. Bayne, LMHC

1. Readers will understand the concept of emerging adulthood and its characteristics.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the common transitions that take place during the emerging adulthood stage of life.
3. Readers will understand the impact of social support and attachment during the emerging adulthood stage of life.
   

This article introduces the importance of self-efficacy in counseling students, measures counseling self-efficacy over time with a group of master's-level students, and discusses the results in terms of counselor education and supervision and future research.

1. Readers will understand an overview of counseling students' self-efficacy and how this relates to counselor training through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze longitudinal data presented from 179 master's-level graduate students through the administration of the Counselor Self-Efficacy Scale at three points in their training.
3. Readers will understand how the results can be understood in terms of counselor education and training, supervision, and future research.

Patrick R. Mullen, PhD, NCC, NCSC, ACS; Olivia Uwamahoro, PhD, NCC; Ashley J. Blount, PhD; Glenn W. Lambie, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, NCSC, LPC

This article introduces the importance of mentoring relationships for counselor education doctoral students, especially the relationship between the student and their doctoral chairperson, and examines variables related to student satisfaction with this relationship. Implications for counselor education and future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the importance of mentoring relationships for doctoral students, especially related to a student's doctoral chair, and how this affects student outcomes.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 133 doctoral students in counselor education to examine factors used by students to select their chairperson and behaviors exhibited by chairpersons as predictors of student satisfaction.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselor education and directions for future research.

Cheryl Neale-McFall, PhD, NCC, LPC; Christine A. Ward, PhD

1. Readers will be able to compare and contrast research focusing on the perspectives of counselors-in-training, clients, and supervisors in counseling sessions.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the evaluative themes that arise from counseling supervisors' perspective of counseling sessions.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how counselors-in-training, supervisors, and clients view the counseling session from an observational perspective.
   

This article examines the impact of professional development through experiences. The authors facilitated a two-day seminar utilizing transformational learning experiences with counselors-in-training and recorded both quantitative and qualitative results.

1. Readers will understand the impacts of transformational learning experiences from the transformational tasks theory.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the usefulness of transformational experiences for counselors-in-training.
3. Readers will understand the advantages of professional development exhibited by results from interviewing counselors-in-training about their experiences.

Michelle Kelley Shuler, PhD., LPC, LCDC; Elizabeth A. Keller-Dupree, PhD, NCC, LPC-S

This article explains crying as an emotional response in adults and explores counselors' experiences with crying during a counseling session.  Several themes are explored and implications for counselors are discussed.

1. Readers will understand the reasons for the emotional response of crying in adults and the possible reasons for this response in counselors during a session with a client.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from semistructured interviews of 11 counselors of their personal experiences of crying during a counseling session.
3. Readers will be able to explore presented themes of awareness, empathy, modeling, and authenticity from the data as well as implications for counselors.

Miles J. Matise, PhD, NCC, ACS, LMFT, LMHC, CAC III

This article introduces the importance of training school counselors in better provision of services for students with special needs, introduces legal requirements and ASCA guidelines, and explains how implementing more consistent coursework and special education experiences would assist in these endeavors.

1. Readers will understand the importance of training for school counselors toward better understanding of how to serve students with special needs.
2. Readers will understand how legal requirements and American School Counselor Association (ASCA) guidelines influence the provision of school counseling services to students with special needs.
3. Readers will understand how implementing more consistent coursework and experiences in special education would more positively affect the provision of school counseling services for special needs students and will be able to analyze examples illustrating these points.

Jennifer Geddes Hall, PhD, ACS, LPC, RPT

This article introduces the topic of student homelessness through an overview of the McKinney-Vento Act; surveys school counselors about their knowledge of this act and current school services for homeless students; and discusses implications for school counseling practice, professional development, and future research.

1. Readers will understand issues related to student homelessness and an overview of the McKinney-Vento Act and how knowledge of this act can help school personnel advocate for homeless students.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data collected from 207 school counselors regarding their knowledge of the McKinney-Vento Act and what services and interventions they are providing to homeless students.
3. Readers will understand implications for school counselor practice, professional development, relationship building with homeless students and stakeholders, and future research.

Stacey Havlik, PhD; Julia Bryan, PhD

This article discusses children's fears within a modern context through a review of the literature introducing factors that influence fear development. Treatment recommendations for counselors are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand factors that affect children's fears and anxiety through an understanding of modern influences and a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand fear development in children and how behavioral, social learning, and cognitive factors interact to affect fear development through a review of the literature.
3. Readers will understand treatment recommendations supported by the literature and how these can be applied by counselors working with children.

Monica Leppma, PhD, LMHC; Judit Szente, PhD; Matthew J. Brosch

This article explores post-adoption adjustment in international adoptees and compares outcomes of children adopted from China vs. children adopted from other countries. Implications for counselors working with adoptive families are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand differences in behavioral adjustment, attachment formation, and social and emotional development between Chinese and other international adoptees through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand pre-adoption circumstances that affect post-adoption adjustment.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselors working with international adoptive families.

Yanhong Liu, PhD, NCC; Richard J. Hazler, PhD, NCC, LPC, LPCC-S

This article evaluates the concept of disability, how it impacts children, and how adults can help reduce stigma in a child's surroundings. The author also provides counselor recommendations for working with children with disabilities.

1. Readers will understand disability identity and orientation.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how disabilities impact children and the family system.
3. Readers will be more familiar with interventions for adults, such as parents and counselors, to reduce stigma and promote friendships for children with disabilities. 

Sherry Richmond-Frank, NCC, LPC, LMFT

This article focuses on the challenges and special needs of children with cystic fibrosis and how that impacts counseling. The authors also provide literature for counselors on better self-care strategies when working with such populations.

1. Readers will understand the challenges and needs of children with cystic fibrosis.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the special considerations necessary when counseling children with cystic fibrosis.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the possible self-care strategies for counselors working with children that have cystic fibrosis.

Cassandra A. Storlie, PhD, NCC, LPCC-S; Eric R. Baltrinic, PhD, LPCC-S

This article evaluates the similarities and differences between teacher-centered and learner-centered pedagogies, especially regarding value in counselor education programs.

1. Readers will have more information on the value of experiential and applied experiences in counseling training programs.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast teacher-centered and learner-centered pedagogies pertaining to counselor training.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the limitations of both teacher-centered and learner-centered pedagogies.

Randall M. Moate, PhD, LPC; Jane A. Cox, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPCC-S

This article examines the effectiveness of a school counselor–led Student Success Skills guidance program in addressing bullying's effect on students, both for those who engage in bullying and those who may be victims, and compares fifth graders who receive the intervention with those who do not. Implications for counselors and future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the consequences of bullying behavior on both victims and bullies and the empirical support for student success skills programs geared toward this issue.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data collected from 336 fifth graders comparing those who participated in a Student Success Skills guidance program led by a school counselor with students who did not participate in this program.
3. Readers will understand the statistically significant results that supported this intervention as effective and will understand implications for school counselors and future research.

Melissa Mariani, PhD; Linda Webb, PhD; Elizabeth Villares, PhD; Greg Brigman, PhD, LPC

This article explores the evolution of counselor research identity as part of overall counselor identity through interviews of master's-level students. Implications for counselor education and counseling students are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand counselor research identity as an aspect of overall counselor identity through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from master's students who participated in interviews and a focus group investigating the evolution of counselor research identity within three presented stages.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselor education programs, counselor educators, and counseling students.

Maribeth F. Jorgensen, PhD, NCC, LMHC; Kelly Duncan, PhD, LPC 

This article examines bereavement in military spouses whose spouse completed suicide. The study uses Lazarus' Cognitive Model of Stress as the framework and utilizes a sample of these spouses to examine this model for this population.

1. Readers will understand an overview of suicide in the military, the associated stigma, bereavement related to suicide, and bereavement in military families through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand the conceptual framework of this article through Lazarus' Cognitive Model of Stress (LCMS).
3. Readers will be able to analyze data from a group of military spouses of individuals who committed suicide to understand how LCMS can be applied to understand bereavement in this population.
   

Lindsey Mitchell, PhD, LPC, CRC

This article examines bullying in middle school and the role of the bystander student as well as the role of the school counselor in intervention. A brief bystander bullying psychoeducation intervention is outlined and effects on a group of middle school students are examined. Implications for school counselors are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the prevalence and effects of bullying in middle school students and an overview of the school counselor's role through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of a brief bystander bullying psychoeducation program and its effects on 74 middle school students who took part in the program.
3. Readers will be able to understand implications for school counselors including leadership implications and how the American School Counselor Association National Model interacts with the proposed bullying intervention.

Aida Midgett, EdD, LPC; Diana Doumas, PhD, LPC; Dara Sears, NCC, LPC; Amanda Lundquist, LPC; Robin Hausheer, EdD, NCC, LPC

This article introduces the creation and piloting of an instrument called the Protective Factor Index, which can be utilized to measure behavior in elementary school students and can fulfill the American School Counselor Association model recommendation to use student achievement data to guide intervention planning and evaluation.

1. Readers will understand an introduction to the Protective Factor Index (PFI), which can be used as the part of a student's report card that typically rates student behaviors.
2. Readers will be able to analyze how the scale was developed in a pilot program with 599 elementary school students in an analysis conducted in three phases.
3. Readers will understand how the PFI can be utilized to fulfill recommendations outlined in the American School Counselor Association National Model and implications for school counselors in utilizing this instrument.
   

Gwen Bass, PhD; Ji Hee Lee, EdD; Craig Wells, PhD; John C. Carey, PhD; Sangmin Lee, PhD

This article introduces the cyclical nature of the coming-out process for sexual minorities, utilizes a case illustration to further demonstrate this process, and discusses implications for counselors working with this population and directions for future research.

1. Readers will understand the benefits, stressors, and layers for sexual minorities related to the coming-out process and the need for counselor preparation in understanding this process for these clients through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a case presentation that illustrates the cyclical nature of the coming-out process.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselors and future research.

Shainna Ali, PhD, NCC, LMHC; Sejal Barden, PhD, NCC, ASC, LPC

This article explores the role of interdisciplinary work and training in counseling through the presentation of a program developed to incorporate counseling students and educators with students and educators from four other disciplines. Implications for counselors and future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the importance and an overview of interdisciplinary training for counselors through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of the development of an interdisciplinary training program involving a counselor education program interacting with social work, nursing, internal medicine, and family medicine.
3. Readers will understand the implications of preparing counselors for interdisciplinary work and future research.

Jane E. Atieno Okech, PhD, NCC; Anne M. Geroski, EdD

This article presents an overview of changes in New Orleans for mental health services and agencies since Hurricane Katrina.  Implications for counselors, counselor educators, and mental health agencies are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of how the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, has changed in the 10 years since Hurricane Katrina.
2. Readers will understand implications for counselors and counselor educators and will be able to review the experience of a counselor educator who is the author.
3. Readers will understand changes in mental health services and agencies in New Orleans since Hurricane Katrina and recommendations for agencies regarding coping with disaster.
   

Theodore P. Remley, Jr., PhD, JD, NCC, LPC

This article introduces the concept of vicarious trauma, its impact on counseling work, and the potential role of clinical supervision in addressing this issue with counselor supervisees. The Integrated Wellness Model for Supervision is introduced and a case example is presented and discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of vicarious trauma and how it can affect counseling practice through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand the role of clinical supervision in addressing vicarious trauma and the implementation of the Integrated Wellness Model of Supervision as an effective model for addressing this issue in the supervisory relationship.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of a case study utilizing the Integrated Wellness Model as an example of addressing vicarious trauma with a supervisee.
   

Seth C. W. Hayden, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC; Derick J. Williams, PhD; Angela I. Canto, PhD; Tyler Finklea, PhD

This article focuses on how parental bonding impacts attachment styles, specifically adult attachment, and how that may be related to different anxieties.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the relationship between attachment, bonding, and anxiety disorders. 
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how adult attachment may be impacted by parental bonding. 
3. Readers will have more information on how different attachment types may be related to different types of anxiety. 
   

Ellen W. Armbruster, PhD, NCC, ACS, LSC, LPCC; David C. Witherington, PhD

This article evaluates the usefulness of feedback informed treatment and provides descriptions for three specific systems. The authors also provide benefits of incorporating such information into counseling training programs.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about feedback informed treatment and its value for counselors and clients.
2. Readers will be more familiar with three feedback informed treatment systems: the OQ Measures System, the Partners for Change Outcome Management System, and the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms.
3. Readers will have more information about how becoming more familiar with feedback informed treatment systems may be helpful for counselors-in-training. 
   

Chad M. Yates, PhD, LPC; Courtney M. Holmes, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMFT; Jane C. Coe Smith, PhD, LCPC; Tiffany Nielson, PhD, LPC

This article analyzes the coverage of addiction topics in professional counseling journals from January 2005 to December 2014. The authors discuss the implications for counselors of the availability of addictions information. 

1. Readers will have more information on available literature of addiction topics from counseling journals from 2005 to 2014. 
2. Readers will be more familiar with the extent of the addiction topics addressed and the types of addiction topics covered in professional counseling journals. 
3. Readers will have more information on which counseling journal published the most on addiction topics and which topics still need more coverage.
   

Edward Wahesh, PhD, NCC, ACS; S. Elizabeth Likis-Werle, PhD, LPC; Regina R. Moro, PhD, NCC, LMHC, BC-TMH, LPC, ACADC

This article examines the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Program's revised standard for school counseling programs to offer a minimum of 60 credit hours. The authors evaluate the potential effects of the change and how it could benefit school counselors.

1. Readers will have more information about the history of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.
2. Readers will have more information on the potential effects of school counseling programs with 60–credit hour requirements, compared to 48 hours.
3. Readers will be more familiar with the potential benefits to school counselors with the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Program's new 60–credit hour requirement for school counseling programs. 
   

Clare Merlin, PhD, NCC, CSC; Timothy Pagano, PhD; Amanda George, NCC, LPC; Cassandra Zanone, JD; Benjamin Newman, LPC, CSAC

This article focuses on theories underpinning adolescent substance use and introduces a theoretical continuum, the Adolescent Substance Use Risk Continuum, as a strengths-based mechanism for working with adolescents and their families around substance use. A case study is presented and directions for future research are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of theories underpinning adolescent substance use and the strengths and limitations in these theories through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand the introduction of a theoretical continuum, the Adolescent Substance Use Risk Continuum, as a model for conceptualizing adolescent substance use within a multiculturally considered strengths-based continuum.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of a case study illustrating the utilization of the Adolescent Substance Use Risk Continuum.
   

Alexis Miller, NCC; Jennifer M. Cook, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

This article evaluates the efficacy of the Common Factors Discrimination Model and how it could be applied in clinical supervision relationships.

1. Readers will be able to compare and contrast the common factors approach and discrimination model for supervision.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the Common Factors Discrimination Model's efficacy in counseling and supervision. 
3. Readers will understand the application of the Common Factors Discrimination Model in a supervision relationship.
   

A. Elizabeth Crunk, PhD, NCC, LGPC; Sejal M. Barden, PhD, ACS, LPC

This article provides an overview of the Student Success Skills classroom curriculum, implements the curriculum in naturalistic school settings, and gathers self-reports from a large population of students regarding the curriculum's effects. Directions for future research are also discussed. 

1. Readers will understand an overview of the Student Success Skills (SSS) classroom curriculum and a review of its effectiveness in controlled settings through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 2,725 middle and high school students implementing the SSS curriculum in a naturalistic school setting and outcomes of this intervention through student self-report.
3. Readers will understand implications for implementing SSS in naturalistic school settings and recommended directions for future research.
   

Brett Zyromski, PhD, LSC; Melissa Mariani, PhD; Boyoung Kim, PhD; Sangmin Lee, PhD; John Carey, PhD

This article examines the experiences of refugees who arrived in the U.S. as unaccompanied minors from Central America in order to investigate common themes originating from the experience of their journey to the United States. Implications for counselors and directions for future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand common mental health needs and reasons for relocation of unaccompanied refugees, particularly unaccompanied minors, from the Northern Triangle of Central America.
2. Readers will be able to analyze results through thematic analysis of interviews with 16 refugees who arrived in the United States as unaccompanied minors.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselors and directions for future research from the three themes found in the analysis and discussed by the authors.
   

Angelica M. Tello, PhD, NCC, LPC, LCDC; Nancy E. Castellon, PhD; Alejandra Aguilar, LMFT; Cheryl B. Sawyer, EdD

This article examines challenges and strengths in the refugee population and how this can effect counseling work with these clients. The authors examine their hypotheses using theoretical modeling with a large sample of refugees, discuss the results, and discuss implications for counselors and future research.

1. Readers will understand common challenges and presentation of common symptoms for counselors working with refugees and how trauma is related to psychopathology, psychological growth, optimism, and religious commitment for this population.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of hypotheses through theoretical modeling using a sample of 444 refugees.
3. Readers will understand the presentation of fit between the hypotheses and the model and implications for counselors and suggested directions for future research.
   

Hannah E. Acquaye, PhD, NCC

This article introduces the need for a sports counseling specialization including considerations for this client population and professionalization needs for this counseling specialty.

1. Readers will understand the mental health needs of athletes and the evolution of mental health in sport.
2. Readers will understand an introduction to a sport counseling specialty and its current status.
3. Readers will understand implications for sport counseling practitioners and researchers, and professionalization needs for this counseling specialty.
   

Stephen P. Hebard, PhD; Katie A. Lamberson, PhD

This article explores the use of an abstinence assignment in helping students to gain empathy and self-efficacy regarding working with clients with substance abuse issues. Qualitative analysis of 17 students is presented and implications for counselor educators and future research is discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of challenges and barriers to learning for counselor educators in teaching counseling students about working with clients who have substance use issues.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 17 counseling students utilizing generative qualitative analysis to present the results regarding students' experiences with an abstinence assignment.
3. Readers will understand the presentation of the resulting four themes found through the analysis of the data and implications for counselor educators and future research.
   

Chad M. Yates, PhD, LPC; Alexia DeLeon, PhD, NCC; Marisa C. Rapp, PhD, NCC, LPC

This article utilizes a large data set of counselors and counseling students to explore the relationship between self-perceived counselor competence to work with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients and self-reported counselor spirituality or religiosity. Results are discussed as well as implications for counselors, counselor educators, and future research.

1. Readers will understand an overview of lesbian-, gay-, and bisexual- affirmative counseling, and factors that influence this such as religion and spirituality.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data presented from 453 counselors, counselor educators, and counseling students regarding their self-perceived competence to work with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients and how this intersects with counselor spirituality and/or religiosity.
3. Readers will understand the implications of the results for counselors and counselor educators and supervisors, and recommendations for further research.
   

Laura Boyd Farmer, PhD, LPC, CSAC

This article explores middle school counselors' self-efficacy around career counseling and the impacting factors. The authors also provide implications for school counselors, counselor educators, and stakeholders that could affect counselors' level of self-efficacy.

1. Readers will have more information about K–12 career counseling and its potential barriers, such as counselors' level of self-efficacy to properly deliver services.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the level of self-efficacy of middle school counselors related to career counseling.
3. Readers will have more information on how previous teaching experience impacts school counselors' self-efficacy for career counseling.
   

Carrie Sanders, PhD; Laura E. Welfare, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Steve Culver, PhD

This article evaluated the perceived mental health needs of young adults with cancer, specifically their preferred topics of discussion and mode of counseling to receive support. The authors also offer various implications for counselors based on the study's results. 

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the mental health needs of young adults with cancer.
2. Readers will better understand the preferred topics to discuss in counseling by young adults with cancer.
3. Readers will have more information about the types of preferred counseling, between individual, group, and family, for young adults with cancer.
   

Jessica Z. Taylor, PhD, NCC, BC-TMH, LPC; Susan Kashubeck-West, PhD

This article examines counselor presentation of and current challenges with professional identity and surveys a large sample of counselors regarding their professional identity presentation. Data results are presented as well as a model that can assist counselors in better relaying their professional identity to clients, other professionals, and the public.

1. Readers will understand concerns with counselor presentation of professional identity and how this contributes to confusion within a number of professionalization considerations in counseling.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data presented through two forms of coding from 472 licensed counselors regarding their individual professional identity through their role discussion with others.
3. Readers will be able to review a model presented by the authors meant to guide counselors in evaluating and improving their communication about their professional identity to others.
   

Stephanie Burns, PhD, NCC, LPC; Daniel R. Cruikshanks, PhD, LPCC-S

This article focuses on the need for increased self-care among counselors. The author suggests avenues of self-care through interventions for the mind, body, and spirit. 

1. Readers will have more information about the connection of self-compassion to self-care.
2. Readers will better understand the value and components of counselor self-care.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about possible interventions for the mind, body, and spirit for improved self-care. 
   

Susannah C. Coaston, EdD

This article emphasizes the need for more streamlined and synthesized literature on training counseling supervisors. The author evaluates the background and utilization of the SuperSkills Model for supervisory development.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the utilization of microskills as an instrument for training supervisors. 
   
2. Readers will have more information about the progression of supervision models.
3. Readers will understand the utilization and application of the SuperSkills Model for training counseling supervisors. 
   

Dusty Destler, PhD, BC-TMH, LPC, LMHC

This article evaluates the potential impact of mindfulness as a facilitator of professional identity development for counselors-in-training, across several transformational tasks. 

1. Readers will have more information about the connection between mindfulness and professional identity development for counselors-in-training.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the potential impact of mindfulness as a facilitator for completing transformational tasks. 
3. Readers will be able to analyze how counselors-in-training responds to various transformational tasks.
   

Shengli Dong, PhD, CRC; Amanda Campbell, PhD; Stacy Vance, PhD

This article introduces the need for counselor competency when working with clients who are sexual minorities and presents an exploratory factor analysis of the Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale with a sample of practicing counselors and counseling students. The results highlight a 4-factor model and the implications of the resulting factors are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of needed counselor competency regarding clients who are sexual minorities through a review of the literature and an introduction to the Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale (SOCCS).
2. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of an exploratory factor analysis on the SOCCS with 155 members of the Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling and counseling students from CACREP-accredited programs.
3. Readers will be able to understand the implications for practicing counselors from the 4-factor model developed from the data analysis.
   

Shainna Ali, PhD, NCC; Glenn Lambie, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, NCSC, LPC; Zachary D. Bloom, PhD, LCPC, LMFT

This article explores metaphor and metaphor theory and the role of metaphor within the counseling process through the presentation of case examples.

1. Readers will understand the structure of metaphors and metaphor theory and the role of metaphors in emotional processing within counseling through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand approaches to using counselor-generated and client-generated metaphors in counseling.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of case examples illustrating how metaphors can be utilized in the categories of exploration, insight, and action within the counseling process.
   

Alwin E. Wagener, PhD, NCC

This article explores the need for wellness programs in the workplace in response to increasing occupational stress and changes in health care.  The authors introduce the Steps to Better Health program and include a detailed presentation of the curriculum.

1. Readers will understand an overview of occupational stress, changes in health care, and the implementation of wellness programs as a mechanism to promote health in the workplace.
2. Readers will understand a conceptual framework, Steps to Better Health (S2BH), that counselors can integrate into workplace wellness programs, which incorporates motivational interviewing and the transtheoretical model of change.
3. Readers will be able to analyze a detailed presentation of the S2BH curriculum.
   

Yvette Saliba, PhD, NCC, LMHC; Sejal Barden, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

This article explores the interaction of school counselor attachment style and demographic factors and the self-efficacy required to implement interventions based on the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model and activities outside of the typical school counselor role. Findings are discussed as well as directions for future research.

1. Readers will understand a brief overview of school counselor roles and attachment theory through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 515 elementary school counselors exploring demographic variables, attachment style, and self-efficacy to explore preferences for incorporating interventions that align with the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model as well as implementation of activities typically considered to be outside of the school counselor role.
3. Readers will understand implications for school counselors and the practice of school counseling, as well as suggested directions for future research.
   

Kimberly Ernst, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMFT; Gerta Bardhoshi, PhD, NCC, ACS, LMHC, CSC; Richard P. Lanthier, PhD

This article provides an overview of counselor professional identity and examines the importance of this construct to counselors by surveying a sample of licensed counselors regarding the importance of a selected list of CACREP and state licensure requirements. Implications for counselor education and directions for future research are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of counseling professional identity, challenges, and ramifications, as well as the roles of counselor education, counselor identity training, and supervision in forming counselor identity.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 494 licensed counselors regarding their views of the importance of a selection of requirements from CACREP and state licensing that contribute to a professional identity unique to counselors.
3. Readers will be able to understand implications for the counseling profession from the results and directions for future research.
   

Stephanie T. Burns, PhD, NCC, LPC; Daniel R. Cruikshanks, PhD, LPCC-S

This article examines how counselors-in-training perceive occupational engagement, work values, and professional quality of life from pre- and post-assessments in their career counseling course. The authors provide implications for counselors-in-training and counselor educators based on the study's results. 

1. Readers will better understand how a constructivist-based pedagogy may impact a counselors-in-training career counseling course.
2. Readers will have more information on the value of assessments in counseling.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast levels of occupational engagement, work values, and professional quality of life for counselors-in-training based on before and after assessments.
   

Ashley J. Blount, PhD; Abby L. Bjornsen, PhD; Madeleine M. Moore, PLMHP

This article provides an overview of the development of the Research Identity Scale (RIS) as a research learning outcome measure and provides psychometric analysis on the reliability and validity of the RIS. The results and implications for counselor education and future research are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of student learning outcomes and scales used to measure research learning outcomes, including the Research Identity Scale (RIS), through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 170 undergraduate college students in order to test RIS psychometric properties, including the use of item response analysis.
3. Readers will understand how psychometric analysis led to the inclusion of 21 items and the implications of these results for counselor education and future research.
   

Maribeth F. Jorgensen,  PhD, NCC, LMHC; William E. Schweinle, PhD

This article provides an overview of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and the intersection of TPI and IPV with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A case study is presented and implications for counselors working with this population are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its interaction with the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) in women in the United States.
2. Readers will understand implications for counselors working with this population regarding the intersection of IPV, PTSD, and TBI.
3. Readers will be able to analyze a case study demonstrating the importance of being aware of the potential of TBI in women who have experienced IPV.
   

Trish J. Smith; Courtney M. Holmes, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMFT

This article evaluates how counselor educators perceive teaching mentorship styles for doctoral students. The authors presented the responses of 25 educators for analysis.

1. Readers will have more information about the types and style of teaching mentorship from counselor educators to doctoral students.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast formal, informal, and combination mentorship styles.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the three factors of how counselor educators perceive mentorship.
   

Eric R. Baltrinic, PhD, LPCC-S; Randall M. Moate, PhD, LPC, PC; Michelle Gimenez Hinkle, PhD, ACS, LPC; Marty Jencius, PhD; Jessica Z. Taylor, PhD, NCC, BC-TMH, LPC

This article provides an overview of licensure portability and efforts toward this issue in counseling, an analysis of common elements found in licensure applications, and a presentation of common themes among the applications that could assist in organizing portability.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the concept of licensure portability and a history of portability efforts for the counseling profession.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from the authors' review of licensure applications from 49 states and the District of Columbia using descriptive analysis and presenting common elements found in the applications.
3. Readers will understand recommendations from the results that could assist in portability.
   

Seth Olson, PhD, NCC, LPC, CCTP; Kathleen Brown-Rice,  PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, LCAS; Andrew Gerodias, LMHC, CADC

This article introduces higher education in Ghana and the effect of the globalization of counseling on this country. A large sample of Ghanaian college students are surveyed regarding their view of constructs related to their college experiences and results regarding the efficacy of the Inventory of New College Student Adjustment are presented with implications for Ghanaian counselors and future research.

1. Readers will understand an overview of higher education in Ghana and how the globalization of counseling is affecting Ghanaian college campuses.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 696 Ghanaian college students regarding their college adjustment, social support, and college self-efficacy through confirmatory factor analysis.
3. Readers will understand implications for Ghanaian college counselors and recommendations for future research from the results.
   

Danielle Pester, PhD, NCC, LPC, RPT; A. Stephen Lenz, PhD, LPC; Joshua C. Watson,  PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Julia Dell’Aquila, PhD, NCC; Anthony Nkyi, PsyD

This article introduces the idea of incorporating a service learning component into developmental counseling courses in order to teach students about their role as social justice advocates. Forty students who took part in such a course were surveyed and outcomes are discussed.

1. Readers will understand the history of the focus on human development in counseling, the movement toward social justice as a focus, and the definition and role of service learning.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data presented through a content analysis based on survey responses from 40 master's-level counseling students who were enrolled in a human development course that included service learning.
3. Readers will understand an overview of the elements of the developmental counseling course including the service learning component and how a class like this one affects the teaching and learning of human development and prepares students to be social justice advocates.
   

Kristi A. Lee. PhD, NCC, LPC; Daniel J. Kelley-Petersen, NCC, LMHC, CCC

This article examines the types of intentional nondisclosure and the potential reasons why counselors-in-training my engage in them. By evaluating past literature and analyzing the study's data, the authors provide possible implications for counselors-in-training and supervisors. 

1. Readers will better understand what is defined as intentional nondisclosure for counselors-in-training and the types and reasons for the nondisclosure.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast literature about the types of intentional nondisclosure.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the challenges that counselors-in-training face that lead to intentional nondisclosure.
   

Ryan M. Cook, PhD, ACS, LPC; Laura E. Welfare, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Devon E. Romero, PhD, NCC

This article provides an overview of ageism, how this impacts mental health professionals and aging clients, and recommendations for counteracting ageism by counselors.

1. Readers will understand an overview of ageism and the impact of social forces on ageism.
2. Readers will understand the impact of ageism, including the impact on older adults and mental health professionals working with this population.
3. Readers will understand implications for the counseling profession including how to counteract ageism within counselor education, advocacy efforts, research, and counseling practice.
   

Matthew C. Fullen, PhD, LPCC

This article explores student perceptions of the helpfulness of counselor educators who teach clinical courses in clinical mental health counseling programs. Beginning counselors are surveyed regarding their perceptions of educator helpfulness, and results include the identification of three types of learning preferences; implications for counselor educators in light of these learning preferences are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of student views of perceived helpfulness of higher education teachers and specifically counselor educators through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data gathered from 32 post-graduation beginning counselors through a Q sort regarding their perceptions of helpfulness of counselor educators who taught clinical courses in their clinical mental health counseling master's programs.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselor education from the results.
   

Randall M. Moate, PhD, LPC, PC; Jessica M. Holm, PhD, LPC; Erin M. West, PhD, LPC

This article examines how clinical approaches have been incorporated into the legal system through specialty courts. The authors discuss the different types of specialty courts as well as concerns and considerations for counselors.

1. Readers will understand the history of specialty courts.
2. Readers will have more information on how clinical care has been integrated into specialty courts.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about three types of specialty court: drug courts, veterans treatment courts, and mental health courts.
   

Toni O. Davis, LPC, LPCC; Keith A. Cates, PhD, NCC, ACS, BC-TMH, LPC

This article uses a review of the literature to explore the role of gatekeeping in doctoral counselor education, related topics, and implications.

1. Readers will understand an overview of gatekeeping functions, the their importance within counselor education, and the role of doctoral students in gatekeeping.
2. Readers will understand recommendations, current terminology, ethical concerns, cultural considerations, and legal considerations related to gatekeeping.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselor education from the review of the gatekeeping literature.
   

Marisa C. Rapp, PhD, NCC, LPC; Steven J. Moody, PhD, NCC, LPC; Leslie A. Stewart, PhD, LPC

This article focuses on the development of foster care youths' academic and personal success by utilizing customized counseling interventions in a single-case research design.

1. Readers will better understand the challenges that foster care children face to attain a post-secondary education.
2. Readers will have more information on the utilization of a customized intervention framework.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the application of single-case research designs.
   

Regina Gavin Williams, PhD, NCC, LCMHC; Stanley B. Baker, PhD, NCC, LPC; ClarLynda R. Williams-DeVane, PhD

This article introduces the need for an instrument to measure perceived competence in college counselors, the College Mental Health Perceived Competency Scale, and explores its reliability and construct validity through data collected from the college community. Applications of this instrument to assist college counselors in outreach and consultation are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the role of college counselors in working with other campus professionals relative to the mental health concerns of students.
2. Readers will understand the development of the College Mental Health Perceived Competency Scale (CMHPCS), including its theoretical foundation.
3. Readers will be able to assess reliability and construct validity presented through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis analyzed from data collected from 201 faculty members and 312 undergraduate students.
   

Michael T. Kalkbrenner, PhD, NCC; Christopher A. Sink,  PhD, NCC, LMHC

This article examines literature focusing on the various aspects of sex trafficking, such as general definitions, vulnerabilities, and the possible signs of trafficking. The author also provides information for counselors to better identify risk factors and how to work with trafficked survivors.

1. Readers will become familiar with the definition, terms, and processes of sex trafficking.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the vulnerabilities and risk factors that may lead individuals into the sex trafficking trade.
3. Readers will have more information on the challenges of working with trafficked clients.
   

Stacey Diane A. Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC

This article introduces the construct of indiscriminate friendliness (IF) in children adopted from China, surveys adoptive parents about their experiences with this trait in their children, and contrasts IF to the construct of attachment. Implications for counselors and researchers are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the construct of indiscriminate friendliness (IF) and how it relates to the construct of attachment, especially in children adopted from China.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from a mixed methods study of a total of 96 adoptive parents of Chinese adoptees regarding their perceptions and experience with IF in their children.
3. Readers will understand the presentation of IF as a construct distinct from attachment and implications for counselors and researchers.
   

Yanhong Liu,  PhD, NCC; Dan Li, PhD, NCC, LSC; Yanqing Xu, PhD

1. Readers will understand an overview of the incidence of at-risk youth dropping out of high school and the exploration of youth empowerment, school engagement, and academic success as important variables to consider for at-risk youth in alternative schools through an extensive review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 52 at-risk youth, some of whom received a school-based youth intervention program and some of whom did not, and compare using a two-group pretest-posttest design.
3. Readers will understand implications for school counseling practice and recommendations for future research from the study results.

Viki P. Kelchner, PhD, NCC, LPC, LPS, CSC; Kathy Evans, PhD, NCC; Kathrene Brendell, DNP, APRN, PMNHP-BC; Danielle Allen, EdS, LMFT, LPC/S; Cassandre Miller, LMFT; Karen Cooper-Haber, PhD, LPCS, LMFT, LMFTS

This article explores the impact of post-master's experience on five core areas of professional identity in counseling doctoral students through a review of the literature and a survey of current doctoral students. Results and implications for counselor education are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the effects of post-master's experience (PME) on five core areas of counseling doctoral professional identify and differences in doctoral-level entry requirements in counselor education through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 59 counseling doctoral students at various levels of completion of their doctoral program regarding their experiences and perceptions of the effect of PME on their professional identity.
3. Readers will understand implications of the results for counselor educators and students.
   

Laura Boyd Farmer, PhD, ACS, LPC; Corrine R. Sackett, PhD, LMFT; Jesse J. Lile, PhD, LPC, LMFT; Nancy Bodenhorn, PhD; Nadine Hartig, PhD, LPC, RPT; Jasmine Graham, PhD, NCC, LMFT; Michelle Ghoston, PhD, ACS, LPC, MHC

This article examines the utilization of accredited online counseling programs and how they may compare to residential programs. Based on the study's findings, the authors provide suggestions for online programs. 

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the concept of online education.
2. Readers will have more information about how online education has been applied to counselor education programs.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast residential and online learning for counseling programs.
   

William H. Snow, PhD;  Margaret R. Lamar, PhD, NCC, LPC; J. Scott Hinkle, PhD; Megan Speciale, PhD, NCC, LMHC

This article introduces a model, discursive digital reflection (DDR), for use in clinical supervision to assist counseling students in learning reflective thinking. The process of DDR is outlined and the strengths of this model are described.

1. Readers will understand the importance of teaching counseling students reflective thinking as a component of clinical supervision and strong counseling practice.
2. Readers will understand the introduction of a method for use in teaching students reflective thinking, discursive digital reflection (DDR), and its conceptual roots.
3. Readers will understand how the process of DDR works within the supervisory relationship and the strengths of this model.
   

Christopher Janson, PhD;  Sophie Filibert, PhD

This article presents an overview of the college experiences, influences, and unique needs of first-generation Latinx college students and how counselors can best address the psychosocial and emotional needs of this population.

1. Readers will understand an overview of characteristics of first-generation Latinx college students (FGCS) and Latinx culture that influences these students.
2. Readers will understand an overview of the college experiences of FGCS.
3. Readers will understand counseling implications from the information presented and how this affects the psychosocial and emotional needs of FGCS.
   

Angelica M. Tello, PhD, NCC, LPC, LCDC; Marlise R. Lonn, PhD, NCC

This article uses a mixed methods research design to explore the effectiveness of STAC, a brief bullying bystander intervention, with a group of high school students. Implications and suggestions for school counselors are offered as well as implications for counselors in other settings and suggested directions for future research.

1. Readers will understand an overview of bullying and its effects as well as an introduction to STAC, a brief bullying bystander intervention.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data gathered from 22 high school students who participated in the STAC program utilizing a mixed methods analysis that investigated the effects of the program.
3. Readers will understand implications and suggested roles for school counselors in counteracting bullying, as well as implications for counselors in other settings and suggestions for further research.
   

April D. Johnston, EdD, LPC; Aida Midgett, EdD, LPC; Diana M. Doumas, PhD, LPC; Steve Moody, PhD, NCC, LPC

This article explores school counselor burnout and includes a review of 18 relevant published articles highlighting both common risk and protective factors identified through an exploration of common themes found in the presented research. Implications for school counseling are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of burnout in school counselors and a summary of research on this topic.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a detailed description of 18 published articles examining school counselor burnout and identification of common risk and protective factors across the articles.
3. Readers will understand implications for school counselors and school counseling based on the factors presented.
   

Nayoung Kim, PhD, NCC; Glenn W. Lambie, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, NCSC

This article introduces a case conceptualization model using Bronfenbrenner's ecological levels as a mechanism to guide counselors in better understanding and creating treatment plans for opioid-addicted clients. The counselor's role in advocacy is also discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the opioid epidemic including the addictive nature and effects of opioids and an introduction to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological model.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of a case conceptualization model to provide counselors with a strategy to better understand and treat the systemic effects of opioids on addicted clients.
3. Readers will understand the role of advocacy in ecologically informed treatment.
   

Jennifer L. Rogers, PhD, NCC; Dennis D. Gilbride, PhD, LMHC, CRC; Brian J. Dew, PhD, LPC

This article explores the role of school counselors in working with Haitian immigrant students and their families and introduces a multiphase model to assist school counselors in meeting the unique needs of this population.

1. Readers will understand the impact of natural disasters, migration, and the social and cultural needs of Haitian immigrant students and their families in the United States.
2. Readers will understand the school counselor's role in working with Haitian immigrant students.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the culturally focused, multiphase model guiding school counselors in working with Haitian immigrant students and their families.
   

M. Ann Shillingford-Butler, PhD, NCC; Seungbin Oh, PhD, LPC; Amanda DiLorenzo, EdS

This article explores student engagement in a counselor education course comparing flipped learning with non-flipped learning, describes flipped learning and its benefits within various types of student engagement, and discusses implications for counselor education from the results.

1. Readers will understand flipped learning, the process of creating flipped learning in the classroom, and its potential application in counselor education.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 67 counselor education students using a causal comparative method and comparing student engagement in a flipped counseling course vs. a non-flipped course.
3. Readers will understand how the results suggest flipped learning is beneficial and lead to implications for counselor education.
   

Clare Merlin-Knoblich, PhD, NCC, CSC; Pamela N. Harris, PhD, NCC; Erin Chase McCarty Mason, PhD

This article explores the readiness of school counselors to work with students who are gang members through a grounded theory study with a small sample of school counselors and leaders. The results are discussed in terms of a presented theory, as are implications for school counseling and recommendations for counseling practice and future research.

1. Readers will understand an overview of gang membership in the United States and challenges for school counselors in meeting the needs of students who are gang members.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a grounded theory study utilizing a purposeful sample of five school counselors and seven school leaders regarding how their experiences in training and at work influenced their views of readiness to work with students who were in gangs.
3. Readers will understand three themes ascertained from the results and the emergent Collaborative C.A.R.E. theory from the analysis and how the results highlighted the elements of the C.A.R.E. acronym: communication, advocate, responsive services, and educational opportunities.
   

Jennifer Barrow, PhD, NCC, LPC; Stanley B. Baker, PhD, NCC, LPC; Lance D. Fusarelli, PhD

This article discusses factors and barriers affecting adults seeking or involved in counseling in the United States and uses a confirmatory factor analysis to explore the validity of the Revised Fit, Stigma, & Value Scale and its use to appraise and reduce barriers to counseling. Results are discussed as well as implications for counselors and counseling practice.

1. Readers will understand an overview of factors related to seeking counseling in the United States, including gender, ethnicity, and barriers to treatment and attendance.
2. Readers will understand an overview of the Revised Fit, Stigma, & Value (FSV) Scale and its relationship to measuring barriers to counseling.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of a confirmatory factor analysis with 431 adults to measure the factorial validity of the FSV model and understand implications for counseling practice based on the results.
   

Michael T. Kalkbrenner, PhD, NCC; Edward S. Neukrug, EdD

This article evaluates if career intervention and math scores have an impact on students' retention in STEM majors in their undergraduate career. The authors also analyzed if gender and ethnicity were potential factors in the students' retention rate. 

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the gender and ethnic disparities in STEM professions.
2. Readers will have more information on how math may be related to students' retention in STEM majors or selecting math and science careers.
3. Readers will be able to analyze how career interventions may impact students' retention in STEM majors or professions.
   

Christopher T. Belser, PhD, NCC; M. Ann Shillingford, PhD, NCC; Andrew P. Daire, PhD; Diandra J. Prescod, PhD, NCC, LPC; Melissa A. Dagley, EdD

This article focuses on how counselors-in-training compare to their academic peers in levels of cognitive and affective empathy and sympathy. Based on the study's results, the authors provide implications for counselor educators.

1. Readers will have more information about the concept of empathy and its application, particularly for counselors.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast literature focusing on how empathy is taught in counseling programs. 
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how levels of empathy and sympathy compare between counselors-in-training and students of other academic majors.
   

Zachary D. Bloom, PhD, LCPC, LMFT; Victoria A. McNeil; Paulina Flasch, PhD, NCC; Faith Sanders, LCMHC

This article addresses existing cultural and historical trauma for African Americans and its impact on children and adolescents. The authors also explain how trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy may be a useful intervention to mitigate trauma.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the concept of cultural trauma and how it affects African Americans.
2. Readers will have more information on existing interventions regarding cultural and historical trauma for African Americans.
3. Readers will better understand how trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy may be utilized by counselors working with African American children and adolescents experiencing cultural or historical trauma.
   

Ricardo Phipps, PhD, NCC; Stephen Thorne

This article explores how counselors working in rural, impoverished communities recognized the impact of their practice through using the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies framework. The authors also provide implications for counselors regarding practice, advocacy, and training. 

1. Readers will have more information about mental health care in rural and impoverished areas of the United States.
2. Readers will better understand the utilization of the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies framework for counselors.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the experiences of counselors working in rural, impoverished communities.
   

Loni Crumb, PhD, NCC, LPCS; Natoya Haskins, PhD, NCC, LPC; Shanita Brown, PhD, NCC, LPC

This article introduces the importance of classroom guidance within school counseling and presents a tool, Understanding by Design (UbD), as an empirically based solution to assist school counselors with designing classroom guidance. A case study using UbD is presented by the authors.

1. Readers will understand the importance of classroom guidance within an overall school counseling program and the emphasis on this importance by the American School Counselor Association.
2. Readers will get an introduction to Understanding by Design (UbD), an approach to curriculum design, and the empirical and theoretical foundations of UbD.
3. Readers will understand the three stages of UbD and be able to analyze the presentation of a case study of a school counselor using UbD in his school.
   

Hilary Dack, PhD; Clare Merlin-Knoblich, PhD, NCC, CSC

This article explores the topic of school counselor burnout through a survey of a sample of school counselors regarding the factors that may contribute to burnout; compares the results to previous studies; and explores implications for ethical concerns, practice, and stakeholders related to school counseling practice and education.

1. Readers will understand factors that contribute to school counselor burnout through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 449 K–12 school counselors regarding their duties and level of burnout utilizing a correlation matrix.
3. Readers will understand how the results compare to previous studies and implications related to ethical concerns, future research, and practice implications for school counselors, educational administrators, counselor educators, and supervisors.
   

Leigh Falls Holman, PhD, ACS, LPC-MHSP, LSC, CMHS, RPTS;  Judith Nelson, PhD, LPC, LMFT, CSC; Richard Watts, PhD, LPC-S

This article explores the lived experiences of African American mothers raising sons within the context of media exposure to community and state violence. A phenomenological study is conducted with a small sample of mothers and the resulting themes are presented and discussed. Implications for counselors and directions for future research are also presented.

1. Readers will understand contributors to race-based stress and how this type of stress and parenting stress can affect African American mothers raising sons in the United States.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a phenomenological study conducted with 19 African American mothers raising sons regarding their experiences of media exposure to community and state violence and how this affects their physical and mental health.
3. Readers will understand the presentation of six themes garnered from the mothers' interviews and the implications of these themes for counselors working with African American mothers.
   

J. Richelle Joe, PhD, ACS, NCC; M. Ann Shillingford-Butler, PhD, NCC; Seungbin Oh, PhD, LPC

This article introduces the use of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model for use in understanding the multiple variables that influence women's reactions to experiencing a miscarriage. A detailed case study is presented to highlight the model.

1. Readers will understand factors that influence how women react to miscarriage of a pregnancy, the lack of counseling literature devoted to this topic, and important information for counselors who are working with women who have had a miscarriage.
2. Readers will understand the presentation of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model as a framework for use in conceptualizing variables influencing women's miscarriages and reactions to this experience.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of a detailed case study utilizing the ecological model toward case conceptualization.
   

Jennifer L. Rogers,  PhD, NCC; Jamie E. Crockett, PhD, NCC, LCMHCA; Esther Suess, NCC, LPC-A, LCMHCA

This article explores the importance of "defining moment experiences" in the professional development of counselors through a qualitative analysis of interviews with a sample of experienced counselors. Themes and implications for practice are discussed from the results.

1. Readers will understand the definition of a "defining moment experience" for counselors and under what circumstances one is likely to occur.
2. Readers will be able to analyze qualitative data from nine experienced counselors regarding their defining moment experiences and how these moments influenced their professional development.
3. Readers will understand the presentation of the five themes gathered from the data analysis and the implications of these themes for clinical practice.
   

Diane M. Coll, EdD, LPC, NBCCH, MT-BC; Chandra F. Johnson, PhD, LPC, CPCS; Chinwé U. Williams, PhD, LPC; Michael J. Halloran, PhD

This article focuses on the role of religion in coping with negative situations and how it may be a prevalent form of wellness among African Americans. The authors found common themes from the participants that utilize religious coping strategies and provide further implications for counselors.

1. Readers will be more familiar with how religion plays a role in mental health.
2. Readers will have more information on how African Americans utilize religion as a form of coping.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the common themes of those who seek religious coping as the primary form of mental wellness.
   

Janeé R. Avent Harris, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPCA; Jasmine L. Garland McKinney, LCMHC-A; Jessica Fripp, PhD, NCC

This article explores the use of and attitudes toward Naviance, an online college career and financial planning tool, by school counselors through a qualitative analysis of data gathered from a small sample. Implications and recommendations for counselors are discussed as well as future research directions.

1. Readers will be able to understand an overview of technology usage by school counselors including perceived usefulness and attitudes and an introduction to Naviance, an online college career and financial planning tool.
2. Readers will be introduced to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the four constructs that it encompasses as the theoretical framework for the study discussed in this article.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the presentation of a dominant crossover mixed analysis from data gathered from 38 school counselors regarding their perceptions of Naviance and usage of this tool.
   

Vernell Deslonde, EdD; Michael Becerra, PhD, LPC, CPCS

This article introduces areas of consideration for clients who have undergone an abortion, describes how a cognitive behavioral framework can be used in conceptualizing these clients' emotional distress, and provides recommendations for forming a positive therapeutic alliance.

1. Readers will understand the commonness of abortion, the stigma attached to it, and the types of emotional distress that clients may experience after undergoing an abortion.
2. Readers will understand how the emotional distress that clients experience from an abortion can be conceptualized in a cognitive behavioral framework and explore some common thought patterns for clients experiencing this type of distress.
3. Readers will understand recommendations for forming a respectful therapeutic alliance with clients who have experienced abortion.
   

Jennifer Katz, PhD

This article describes the use of community-based participatory research (CBPR) as a mechanism for closing the gap between counseling research and practice and describes the use of a Delphi method to identify competencies that could be used to develop training in CBPR. Implications for counselor education and practice are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the existence of a gap between counseling practice and research and how community-based participatory research (CBPR) methods could be utilized to address this gap.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the use of a Delphi method with a panel of 14 experts engaged to identify the competencies needed to conduct CBPR.
3. Readers will be able to understand how the identified competencies can provide a foundation for training in CBPR, as well as the implications of the identification of these competencies for counselor education and practice.
   

Tahani Dari, PhD, NCC, LPC, LSC; John M. Laux, PhD, PCC-S, LICDC; Yanhong Liu, PhD, NCC; Jennifer Reynolds, PhD

This article evaluates the growing legalization of physician-assisted death and addresses how this may conflict with counselors' values when working with such clients. The authors provide possible suggestions to resolve counselors' ethical conflicts and illustrate application through a case study. 

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable on the subject of physician-assisted death.
2. Readers will be able to better evaluate how physician-assisted death may conflict with the counseling code of ethics.
3. Readers will have more information about how to potentially resolve conflicting values or ethics when working with clients who seek physician-assisted death.
   

Nancy E. Thacker, PhD, NCC; Jillian M. Blueford, PhD, NCC, LPC-C

This article evaluates the impact of the Recognized American School Counselor Association Model Program (RAMP) between K–12 schools that have the designation compared to those that do not. The authors also provide implications for practice and future research.  

1. Readers will be more familiar with the Recognized American School Counselor Association Model Program (RAMP) designation and its potential impact.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast literature focusing on RAMP.
3. Readers will be able to assess the differences between schools that utilize RAMP and those that do not. 
   

Patrick R. Mullen, PhD, NCC, NCSC, ACS; Nancy Chae, PhD, NCC, NCSC, ACS, LCPC; Adrienne Backer

This article focuses on the relationship between counselor characteristics, such as multicultural competence, the working alliance, and client outcomes. The authors facilitated research on these factors to determine how it impacts a counselor-in-training's relationship with their clients.

1. Readers will have more information about the relationship between multicultural competence and client outcomes.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how the working alliance may be related to client outcomes.
3. Readers will better understand the factors that could impact counselor and client relationships that then influence the clients' outcomes. 
   

Jessica Gonzalez, PhD, NCC, LPC; Sejal M. Barden, PhD, ACS, LPC; Julia Sharp, PhD

This article examines how a parent being incarcerated affects their child's academic and developmental well-being. The authors offer suggestions for school counselors regarding interventions and available resources when working with such populations.

1. Readers will have more information on how incarceration impacts the parent and child relationship, based on the general strain theory and attachment theory.
2. Readers will better understand how incarcerated parents impact their children's development, such as long-term effects and risk factors.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable on the strategies and resources that school counselors can utilize to support families with incarcerated parents.
   

Jeffrey M. Warren, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPCS, LSC; Gwendolyn L. Coker; Megan L. Collins, NCC, LCMHCA

This article evaluates parenting styles and beliefs and which types lead to higher academic achievement for their K–12 children. The authors also provides implications for school counselors on how to support families for increased levels of success.

1. Readers will better understand how parenting beliefs and styles impact their children's success in school.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the type of parenting style that leads to higher rates of achievement for children.
3. Readers will have more information on how school counselors can support families to encourage higher student achievement.
   

Jeffrey M. Warren, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPCS, LSC; Leslie A. Locklear, PhD; Nicholas A. Watson

This article explores the role of trust of military soldiers toward different types of mental health professionals through the use of ranked vignettes. Results and directions for future research are discussed.

1. This article introduces the role of stigma and trust in the perception of mental health professionals by U.S. military soldiers as well as their understanding the different types of mental health professionals.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data presented through quantitative analysis of 32 U.S. Army soldiers regarding their trust and confidence in different types of mental health professionals explored through vignettes.
3. Readers will understand how the results and deviations from the results relate to mental health service provision for this population and suggested directions for further research.
   

Anthony Hartman; Hope Schuermann, PhD, LPC; Jovanna Kenney, NCC, LPC, QMHP-CS

This article provides an overview of the National Board for Certified Counselors' Mental Health Facilitator program and analyzes a large data set to provide proof of the program's effectiveness. Results are presented along with directions for future research. 

1. Readers will understand an overview, history, and implementation of the Mental Health Facilitator (MHF) program created by the National Board for Certified Counselors and its application toward increasing mental health services, especially in communities with less access to services.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 1,392 participants from 15 countries who received MHF training using a quasi-experimental research design to determine whether the MHF program increases overall knowledge related to mental health.
3. Readers will understand how the results speak to the effectiveness of the MHF program and potential directions for future research.
   

Alwin E. Wagener, PhD, NCC;  Laura K. Jones, PhD; J. Scott Hinkle, PhD

This article discusses the challenges for early career school counselors in reporting child abuse and introduces a framework that can assist in this process especially for school counselors new in their careers.

1. Readers will understand the stress and anxiety for school counselors, especially those new in their careers, in reporting suspicions of child abuse to relevant agencies, and other related challenges.
2. Readers will understand current trends related to child abuse.
3. Readers will understand the introduction of a framework that can be used by early career school counselors to help them in decision making and follow-up relative to reporting suspected child abuse.
   

Malti Tuttle, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPC; Lacey Ricks, PhD, NCC, LSC; Margie Taylor, PhD, LPC-S

This article analyzes the relationship between vicarious trauma and subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and how they may impact practicing counselors. The authors also provide implications for counselor educators and supervisors as they work with counselors-in-training.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of vicarious trauma and subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
2. Readers will have more information about the relationship between vicarious trauma and subthreshold PTSD for practicing counselors. 
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the contributing factors that potentially lead to higher frequency of vicarious trauma.
   

Bethany A. Lanier, PhD, NCC, LPC; Jamie S. Carney, PhD

This article examines how use of a child sexual abuse prevention program could impact schools. The authors addresses how the study's participants view the prevention programs and also the role that school professionals play in education, prevention, and administration. 

1. Readers will have more information on the value of implementing child sexual abuse prevention programs in schools.
2. Readers will better understand how a child sexual abuse program could impact the school environment.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the barriers preventing the use of child sexual abuse prevention programs in schools.
   

Rebecca Cowan, PhD, NCC; Rebekah F. Cole, PhD, NCC, LPC; Laurie Craigen, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LMHC

This article explores the issue of counselor licensure portability, and its issues and challenges, through qualitative research with a sample of licensed counselors regarding their experiences in becoming licensed. Issues and barriers are discussed from the results as well as recommendations for various stakeholders within the counseling profession.

1. Readers will understand a history of portability efforts for counseling licensure and the associated issues and challenges with portability.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a qualitative content analysis from data gathered from 12 licensed counselors regarding their experiences of obtaining licensure from one of the states in the Rocky Mountain Region of the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision in order to understand the issues and challenged associated with licensure portability.
3. Readers will understand an overview of resulting issues and barriers in obtaining licensure, especially those associated with discrepancies in requirements amongst these states; and recommendations for counselors, counselor educators, supervisors, and state boards from the results.
   

Anna Elliott, PhD, NCC, LCPC; Lynn Bohecker, PhD, LMFT; Gregory M. Elliott, PhD, LPC; Bethany Jean Townsend, PhD, NCC; Veronica Johnson, EdD, NCC; Anna Lopez, PhD, LPCC; Elizabeth D. Horn, PhD, LCPC; Ken Roach, EdD, CMHC

This article explores the importance of creating positive research training environments for doctoral students through the lens and utilization of self-concept and organizational theories.  

1. Readers will understand the importance of conceptualizing counseling doctoral programs as research training environments.
2. Readers will understand an overview of self-concept theory as a way to conceptualize identity development and organizational theory as a mechanism to frame how doctoral students are socialized into the counseling profession.
3. Readers will understand how self-concept theory can be applied to the development of a research identity in doctoral students and how self-concept theory and organizational theory can be used to create positive research training environments.
   

Margaret R. Lamar, PhD, NCC, LPC; Elysia Clemens, PhD, LPC;  Adria Shipp Dunbar, PhD 

This article explores counselor attitudes and empathy and rape myth acceptance by surveying a sample of licensed counselors. Results and recommendations for the counseling profession based on the results are presented.

1. Readers will understand an overview of human trafficking and barriers to counseling sex trafficking survivors such as counselor attitudes and empathy and counselor acceptance of rape and sex trafficking myths.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 396 licensed counselors regarding whether their attitudes and empathy are influenced by a difference in labels applied to clients utilizing the administration of several standardized instruments and using a variation in language in how the counselors were approached.
3. Readers will understand how the results demonstrate a difference in counselor attitudes and beliefs based on the language used to describe the study and recommendations based on the results for counseling, counselor education, and counselor supervision.
   

Stacey Diane Arañez Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC

This article introduces the construct of global compassion fatigue, delineates it from other similar constructs that can influence counselor wellness and impairment, and calls for research to better understand its influences.

1. Readers will understand compassion fatigue and how it influences counselor impairment and wellness.
2. Readers will understand global compassion fatigue, the impact of the media, and how global compassion fatigue differs from compassion fatigue and vicarious traumatization.
3. Readers will understand how global compassion fatigue can affect counselors and the need for research investigating this construct.
   

Ariann Evans Robino, PhD, NCC, LPC

This article evaluates neuroscience-informed counseling and how it could potentially be applied in coursework for counselors-in-training. As the authors analyze this approach for application, they also provide ethical and cultural considerations.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about neuroscience-informed counseling.
2. Reader will have more information on ways that counselor educators can integrate neuroscience-informed counseling into coursework (i.e., content, assignments, and resources).
3. Readers will better understand the ethical considerations of applying neuroscience-informed counseling.
   

Deborah L. Duenyas, PhD, LPC; Chad Luke, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC-MHSP

This article evaluates the humanistic theory and  how counselor educators, who focuses on person-centered teaching methods, may apply it in the classroom for counselors-in-training.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about humanistic learning theory.
2. Readers will have a better understanding of the rationale for using person-centered learning theory.
3. Readers will have more information on how to apply person-centered theory in counselor education.
   

Katherine E. Purswell, PhD, LPC, RPT, CCCPT-Trainer

This article explores the conception of mental health in rural communities by surveying a sample of rural residents and presenting the results through qualitative analysis. Recommendations for educating rural communities in mental health and future research directions are presented.

1. Readers will receive an overview of mental health in rural areas and understand the relationship of mental health literacy to mental health outcomes.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 102 rural residents regarding their opinions about the term mental health, presented through deductive qualitative analysis.
3. Readers will understand from the results how these individuals conceptualize mental health and how this conceptualization affects the recommendations regarding mental health education in rural communities and future research directions.
   

Allison Crowe, PhD, LPC, ACS; Paige Averett, PhD; Janeé R. Avent Harris, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPCA; Loni Crumb, PhD, NCC, LPCS; Kerry Littlewood, PhD

This article discusses the importance of research regarding the counselor's role in consultation, introduces the Consultation Skills Scale (CSS) as an assessment instrument to measure knowledge and skills related to consulting, and examines the validity and reliability of the CSS. Results and implications for practice and future research are discussed.

1. Readers will understand the role of consultation within practice, the need for research specific to consultation within the counselor role, and an overview of the Consultation Skills Scale (CSS) as a measure of consultation knowledge and skills.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the use of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) utilized with a sample of 369 counseling professionals and interns in order to test the validity and reliability of the CSS and the described modifications to the CSS based on the results of the CFA.
3. Readers will be able to understand the relationship between counselor consultation skills and the ability to foster a supervisory working alliance and engage in interprofessional collaboration as well as implications for counselor practice and future research.
   

Gulsah Kemer, PhD, NCC; Jeffry Moe, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPC-S; Kaprea F. Johnson, PhD, LPC; Emily Goodman-Scott, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPC; Zahide Sunal, PhD; Chi Li, PhD, NCC

This article explores cross-racial trust from the point of view of Black doctoral students working with White counselor educators as clinical supervisors and mentors through a phenomenological analysis. Themes and subthemes are discussed from the data as well as implications for counselor education.

1. Readers will understand an overview of issues related to racism in counselor education and cross-racial mentoring.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from a phenomenological analysis of 10 Black doctoral students regarding their experiences with cross-racial trust with White counselor education supervisors.
3. Readers will understand the results of the analysis presented in themes and subthemes and the implications for enhancing trust in cross-racial relationships within counselor education.
   

Eric M. Brown, PhD, LPC; Tim Grothaus, PhD, ACS

This article explores restrictions in Medicare coverage regarding licensed counselors and the resulting impediments to client care through qualitative analysis of interviews from a group of licensed counselors. Resulting themes are presented and implications for advocacy are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of Medicare coverage and how it relates to seeking services from licensed mental health counselors.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from nine state-licensed counselors presented through the use of an interpretive phenomenological analysis exploring barriers to client care due to restrictions within Medicare regarding reimbursement of counselor services.
3. Readers will understand the resulting presentation of four themes found in the data analysis, barriers to counselor practice using Medicare within these themes, and implications for advocacy.
   

Matthew C. Fullen, PhD, LPCC; Jonathan D. Wiley, NCC, LPC; Amy A. Morgan, PhD, LMFT

This article evaluates how engagement with high school counselors could impact students' postsecondary enrollment and which factors contributed toward enrollment and which did not. The authors also provide implications for school counselors on college counseling.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about school counselors' roles in college preparation and how they may impact students' postsecondary outcomes.
2. Readers will have more information on how engagement with school counselors could increase students' postsecondary enrollment.
3. Readers will have more information on the factors that may not increase postsecondary enrollment rate, despite meeting with school counselors.
   

Angela K. Tang, PhD, NCC; Kok-Mun Ng, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

This article explores compassion fatigue and the constructs associated with it in counselors-in-training (CITs) through a regression analysis of data gathered from a sample of CITs. Recommendations and implications for counselor education are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand a description and explanation of compassion fatigue and various constructs that tend to be associated with it.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data gathered from 86 counselors-in-training using a hierarchical linear regression analysis exploring the association between wellness, resilience, supervisory working alliance, empathy, and compassion fatigue.
3. Readers will understand how the findings relate to recommendations to counselor educators to include wellness and resilience in counselor education training.
   

Nesime Can, PhD; Joshua C. Watson, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

This article examines perceptions about oral sex among college-age students related to the idea that "oral sex is not sex" and presents the concerns related to this prevalent belief system in this population. Findings and implications for counselors working with this population are discussed.

1. Readers will be able to understand current student meaning making regarding how oral sex relates to perception of sexual involvement within the idea that "oral sex is not sex" in the context of sexual script theory.
2. Readers will be able to understand how recognizing undergraduates who are more likely to agree with the assertion that oral sex is not sex will enable counselors to provide targeted interventions to this population.
3. Readers will be able to apply the findings to working with high school– and college-age clients.
   

Kylie P. Dotson-Blake, PhD, NCC, LPC; David Knox, PhD; Marty E. Zusman, PhD

This article compares college student athletes and non-athletes regarding the role of social support in career thoughts and how this leads to career decision-making. The similarities and the differences between the populations are discussed in the findings.

1. Readers will understand the role of social support in the career decision-making process of college students.
2. Readers will understand the relationship among career thoughts, social support, and career planning.
3. Readers will be able to apply the results of this study toward working with both athletes and non-athletes in career decision making.
   

Stefanie Rodriguez, PhD

This article explores the aspects of counseling significant to rural and frontier settings. It discusses cultural norms in these communities, ethical concerns and ways to address them, and areas of future research for consideration.

1. Readers will understand the unique challenges for counselors working in frontier and rural communities.
2. Readers will understand the unique cultural considerations of frontier and rural communities and how this affects how counselors practice in the communities.
3. Readers will be able to discuss needed areas of research that will assist counselors to best assist this population.
   

Keith A. Cates, PhD, NCC, ACS, BC-TMH, LPC; Christopher Gunderson, NCC, LPC; Michael A. Keim, PhD

This article uses qualitative methods to investigate the sources that students use to make decisions regarding counselor effectiveness. Implications for counseling organizations and how these results interact with related issues are discussed.

1. Readers will understand the sources that students use to make decisions regarding professional counselor effectiveness.
2. Readers will understand how this knowledge can be utilized by counseling organizations.
3. Readers will be able to analyze how student sources that influence decision making regarding counselor effectiveness interact with common knowledge characteristics, public perceptions, counselor identity, and advocacy.
   

Michael W. Firmin, PhD, NCC; Richard A. Wantz, EdD; Ruth L. Firmin, PhD; Courtney B. Johnson, PhD, HSPP

This article explores the idea that adult children of alcoholics become alcoholics because of a chaotic and unpredictable home environment rather than because of genetic predisposition. Implications for addiction models and treatment plans are discussed.

1. Readers will understand alternative explanations to the idea that adult children of alcoholics become alcoholics due to genetic predisposition.
2. Readers will understand how a chaotic home environment could contribute to alcoholism in adulthood and will be able to analyze this information toward implications for addiction models and treatment plans.
3. Readers will be able to analyze how this view of contribution to alcoholism interacts with Adult Children of Alcoholic Syndrome and family history of alcoholism.
   

Martha Nodar, LCSW, RPT

This articles provides a literature review on how critical pedagogy approaches impact counselor trainees' social justice development and how counselor educators can continue to foster this development.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of the critical pedagogy for the development of social justice orientation among counselor trainees.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the privilege and oppression associated with critical pedagogy.
3. Readers will have more information on the implications of counselor training, supervision, and research on social justice advocacy.
   

Amie A. Manis, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

This article focuses on addressing the challenges of addiction counseling within a professional counseling practice, specifically between two U.S. states, and provides recommendations on mitigating the presenting challenges.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of the historical origins as well as an overview of additions counseling.
2. Readers will be able to identify the obstacles of integrating addiction counseling into a professional counseling scope of practice.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about recommendations on how to better bridge the gap between professional and addiction counseling.
   

Keith Morgen, PhD, ACS, LPC; Geri Miller, PhD, LP, LPC, LCAS, CCS; LoriAnn S. Stretch, PhD, LPC

The article focuses on the factors that lead to personal growth for college students. The authors facilitated two studies, one evaluating trauma and another focusing on the attributions that lead to growth.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of college students' adversarial growth based on college experiences.
2. Readers will be more familiar with how experiential trauma impacts personal growth for college students.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the attributions of personal growth throughout college for graduating seniors.
   

W.P. Anderson, Jr., PhD; Sandra I. Lopez-Baez, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS

The article focuses how class schedules could affect college students' grades and therefore, their career development. Furthermore, depending on how well students did in the classes, the authors also researched if that impacted how the students evaluated their teachers.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of how class schedule formats could potentially affect college students' grades.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast research that discusses how class schedules can impact course effectiveness for college students.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how college students' class schedules could impact how they evaluate teachers.
   

Robert C. Reardon, PhD; Stephen J. Leierer, PhD; Donghyuck Lee, PhD

The article explores 10 counselors' perspectives of their professional counseling work environments and how it influences their wellness. Based on the results, the authors also provide suggestions for wellness and ideas for future research.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how counselors feel about work environments' influence on their sense of wellness.
2. Readers will become more familiar with the reported themes that impacts counselors' view of their work environments.
3. Readers will have more information on suggestions for a healthier work environment to prevent burnout and impairment.
   

Jonathan H. Ohrt, PhD, NCSC; Laura K. Cunningham, PhD, NCC, RCMHCI

This article explores the roles of social cognitive career theory and cognitive information processing's relationship to career problem-solving self-efficacy as it affects career exploratory behavior. Implications for working with college students are discussed.

1. Readers will understand the respective roles of social cognitive career theory and cognitive information processing in career exploratory behavior.
2. Readers will understand how cognitive information processing theory's inverse relationship to career problem-solving self-efficacy affects career exploratory behavior.
3. Readers will be able to apply an intervention sequence suggested by this research to facilitate college student career development and exploration.
   

Emily Bullock-Yowell, PhD; Sheba P. Katz, PhD, LP, LSP, NCSP; Robert C. Reardon, PhD; Gary W. Peterson, PhD

This article examines the globalization of counseling and how it affects the counseling profession. Implications including future research directions are explored.

1. Readers will understand how globalization is beginning to affect the counseling profession within an international and multicultural context.
2. Readers will be able to understand counseling globalization implications and how it affects future research directions.
3. Readers will be able to analyze how counseling globalization interacts with mental health and wellness, culture, access, and structural limitations.
   

Sonya Lorelle, PhD, NCC, LPC, RPT; Rebekah Byrd, PhD, NCC, LPC; Stephanie Crockett, PhD, NCC

This article explores the history and development of addiction counseling as a specialty of the profession and CACREP's role in the development and monitoring of this specialization.

1. Readers will become familiar with the history of the development of addiction counseling.
2. Readers will become familiar with CACREP's role in developing accreditation and educational standards specific to addiction counseling.
3. Readers will understand the impact of CACREP on the practice of addiction counseling and future implications as well as its role in quality control.
   

W. Bryce Hagedorn, PhD, NCC, MAC, LMHC, QCS (FL); Jack R. Culbreth, PhD, NCC, MAC, ACS, LCAS, LPCS, CCS; Craig S. Cashwell, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, CSAT-S

This article examines the construct of vicarious trauma in school counseling using consensual qualitative research methodology. The resulting domains are discussed, as are the implications for supervision, burnout, counselor education, and school counselors.

1. Readers will understand school counselors' perceptions of vicarious trauma through the analysis of six school counselors using consensual qualitative research methodology.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the domains of ambiguous vicarious trauma, support system significance, and level of experience, and understand how these domains influence vicarious trauma.
3. Readers will be able to analyze how the results effect supervision and burnout, and will understand implications for counselor education and school counselors.
   

Mashone Parker, PhD, LMHC; Malik S. Henfield, PhD

This article examines the relationship between online learning and self-efficacy in counseling students. Implications for counselor education and research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the relationship between online learning and self-efficacy of counseling students.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the positive relationship between online instructional methods and self-efficacy, self-confidence, and personal motivation through the presentation of quantitative survey data.
3. Readers will understand the implications for counselor education and future research.
   

Joshua C. Watson, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

This article examines the specification of standards and competencies from the ASCA framework through quantitative data collected from two suburban school districts as a mechanism for demonstrating the importance of school counselors' services.

1. Readers will understand the framework created by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) and designed to implement comprehensive developmental school counseling programs through specification of standards and competencies.
2. Readers will be able to analyze student outcome variables measured against outcome variables created from the ASCA standards and competencies through quantitative data results gathered from two school districts.
3. Readers will understand how the use of such measures assists in promoting the importance of school counselors' services.
   

Lauren E. Palmer, NCC; Bradley T. Erford, PhD, NCC, LCPC, LPC, LP, LSP

This article examines the webpages of CACREP-accredited counseling programs, discusses deficiencies, and makes recommendations for improvements.

1. Readers will understand how CACREP-accredited counseling programs utilize their webpages to promote their programs and attract students.
2. Readers will understand the deficiencies existing in the contents of webpages hosted by CACREP-accredited programs as presented by the authors.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the implications of deficiencies and possible improvements for webpages recommended by the authors.
   

Yuh-Jen Guo, PhD, LPC, RPT;  Shu-Ching Wang, PhD, LPC; Shelly R. Statz, LCSW; Craig Wynne, PhD

The authors of this article create cyberbullying video scenarios utilizing the opinions and feedback of adolescents in the design. The process of this creation is examined and implications for school counselors are discussed.

1. Readers will understand the increase in cyberbullying among adolescents as a function of the growing use of online technology by adolescents and the lack of adult supervision related to these platforms.
2. Readers will be able to analyze the effectiveness of using adolescent feedback in creating cyberbullying video scenarios within a safe, effective environment.
3. Readers will be able to understand the implications of this study for the work of school counselors.
   

Vivian H. Wright, PhD; Joy J. Burnham, PhD, NCC, LPC

This article examines one specific university to show how a country's development also impacts its school communities. The authors provide information on the students' and various staff members' lifestyles.

1. Readers will have more information on how Malaysia's  development affects its university communities, modeled by one specific university.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the different lifestyles of Malaysian university communities.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how and what led to the university communities' specific lifestyles.
   

Melissa Ng Lee Yen Abdullah, PhD; See Ching Mey, PhD

This article examines how an increased use of technology impacts how counselors store electronic information. Based on HIPAA and HITECH rules, the author provides both ongoing concerns and suggested guidelines to protect confidential information.

1. Readers will be more familiar with HIPAA and HITECH rules regarding an increased use of technology within counseling.
2. Readers will be able to better recognize ongoing concerns with storing or communicating electronic health information under HIPAA.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about ways to better protect electronic files and confidential information.
   

Jeffrey S. Lawley, PhD

Martha Nodar, LCSW, RPT

1. Readers will have a better understanding of how a strained father–son relationship impacts the individuals' development and shapes how they form other relationships.
2. Based on presented data, readers will have a better understanding of how strained father–son relationships lead to higher narcissistic tendencies in males.
3. Readers will be more familiar with impotent king syndrome and how it impacts partner dynamics and relationships.
   

This article examines the role of meaningful experiences in counseling sessions from the perspectives of counselors-in-training and clients utilizing qualitative methods. Implications for counselor education and supervision are discussed.

1. Readers will be able to understand the role of meaningful experiences in counseling sessions from the perspectives of both counselors-in-training and clients.
2. Based on the data presented, readers will be able to compare and contrast meaningful experiences highlighted by counselors-in-training vs. those highlighted by clients.
3. Readers will be able to analyze the implications of the results for counselor education and supervision purposes.
   

Corrine Sackett, PhD, LMFT; Gerard Lawson, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Penny L. Burge, PhD

This article examines how counseling training is encompassing leadership development toward developing counseling leaders as managers, educators, and motivators.

1. Readers will understand how counseling can be conceptualized as a discipline and a praxis as well as a professional practice.
2. Readers will understand methods for
   sustaining leadership development via the counseling leader as manager, educator, and motivator.
3. Readers will understand how current training paradigms in counseling are similar to the development of competencies and abilities of leaders.
   

Alfonso Barreto, PhD

This article examines counselor understanding of process addictions as part of overall addiction treatment through a review of the literature and an analysis of survey data. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the definition of process addictions and the need for counselors to understand the course of process addictions and how it fits into overall addiction treatment.
2. Readers will be able to analyze counselor understanding of process addictions through the analysis of survey data presented in the article.
3. Readers will understand how gaps in the literature and in continuing education effect counselor treatment of process addictions.
   

Angie D. Wilson, PhD, NCC, LPC; Pennie Johnson, LPC, CSAT

This article presents an argument for the need for standardized supervision policies that include direct observation of pre-licensed counselor skills. It includes a review of the literature relative to current regulations and supervision practices.

1. Readers will understand the argument for direct observation by supervisors of counselors' skills fulfilling requirements for licensure.
2. Readers will be able to evaluate the current state of regulations, supervision practices, and satisfaction with supervision and counselor self-efficacy in terms of standardized supervision policy.
3. Readers will understand implications for supervisors and counselor educators.
   

Neal D. Gray, PhD, LPC; Paul Erickson, PhD

This article examines professional identify development in counselor education doctoral students through the use of cross-sectional focus groups.  The results are presented through consensual qualitative research methodology and implications for counselor education and the profession are discussed.

1. Readers will be able to analyze how the professional identify of counselor education doctoral students develops through the results of consensual qualitative research methodology conducted with students.
2. Readers will understand how professional identity aligns with experiential learning, relationships with mentors and faculty, and faculty perception of students as counselor educators.
3. Readers will be able to evaluate implications for counselor education and the counseling profession.
   

Dodie Limberg, PhD; Hope Bell, PhD, LPC; John T. Super, PhD, NCC, LMFT; Lamerial Jacobson; Jesse Fox, PhD; M. Kristina DePue, PhD; Chris Christmas, PhD, LMHC; Mark E. Young, PhD; Glenn W. Lambie, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, NCSC

This article examines how unconscious altruistic and self-interest behavior can be categorized into archetypes. The authors took personal interviews of professional counselors for data analysis.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the dichotomy of altruism and self-interest of professional counselors.
2. Readers will have a better understanding of the construct of altruism and self-interest through archetypes.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast research surrounding professional counselors' unconscious altruistic and self interest tendencies.
   

Stephen V. Flynn, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, LMFT-S; Linda L. Black, EdD, LPC

This article examined the efficacy of using booklets compared to computer software to interpret the results of a widely used career assessment.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the efficacy of interpretative materials that support the Self-Directed Search career assessment.
2. Readers will know more about the different interpretative materials for the Self-Directed Search career assessment.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast the results of utilizing booklets and computer software to interpret the Self-Directed Search career assessment.
   

Virginia C. Dozier, PhD, NCC; James P. Sampson, NCC, NCCC; Robert C. Reardon, PhD

This article discusses the influence of specific school counselor initiatives on promoting work skills, life skills, and social and emotional development in students with emotional and behavior difficulties. Implications for school counselors and future research are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand how employment preparation and life skill development are crucial in assisting students identified as having emotional and behavioral disabilities with successfully transitioning to adulthood following high school.
2. Readers will be able to understand initiatives developed for students that could contribute to promoting work skills, life skills, and social and emotional development in students.
3. Readers will understand implications for school counselors and possible directions for future research.
   

Jacqueline M. Swank, PhD, LMHC, LCSW, RPT-S; Peter Huber

This article discusses the  use of pair counseling, a brief intervention based on pairing two individuals of opposing orientations, to improve access to college career counseling. This article also examines how career theory can be translated into actual practice and implications for program development and future research.

1. Readers will understand how pair counseling can be implemented to improve access to college career counseling, promote social justice, and enhance the overall delivery of career services.
2. Readers will understand the process of pair counseling.
3. Readers will understand through the example of pair counseling how career theory can be translated into practice and implications for program development and future research.
   

Mary-Catherine McClain Riner, PhD, EdS; James P. Sampson, NCC, NCCC

This article examines the use of Facebook by millennial students and the demographic factors correlated with the level of privacy settings used by students by comparing a review of the literature with results from an online descriptive survey of counseling students. Implications of and recommendations for using Facebook are discussed for counselors and counselor educators.

1. Readers will understand through a review of the literature why millennial students are avid users of Facebook and what demographic factors may be correlated with the level of privacy settings used by these students.
2. Readers will be able to analyze results from an online descriptive survey of counseling students and compare these results to the literature in terms of the risk factors associated with limited use of privacy settings.
3. Readers will be able to understand the implications of and recommendations for using Facebook for counselors and counselor educators.
   

Leah Brew, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC; Joseph M. Cervantes, PhD; David Shepard, PhD

This article examines the controversy related to the theory of historical trauma as an explanation for many of the challenges facing Native Americans and provides information related to the validity of this concept in order to assist counselors in understanding challenges faced by this population.

1. Readers will understand the controversy regarding the theory of historical trauma as related to explaining the current problems facing many Native Americans.
2. Readers will be able to understand the theoretical background behind the idea of historical trauma among Native Americans.
3. Readers will be able to understand  how historical trauma from historical losses such as population, land, and culture relates to the current problems facing many Native Americans such as depression, substance dependence, diabetes, dysfunctional parenting, and unemployment.
   

Kathleen Brown-Rice, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, LCAS

This article presents a model of group counseling training developed for a partnership between a counselor education program and the Peace Corps that seeks to fulfill training requirements for counseling students and provide services for Peace Corps volunteers. Strategies for developing similar partnerships are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand a model of collaboration between a counselor education program and the Peace Corps.
2. Readers will be able to evaluate how the development of a counseling group by counseling students involving non-counselors can meet the training needs of the group counseling students and provide non-counselors with assistance in work and life transitions.
3. Readers will understand strategies for developing partnerships between counselor education programs and agencies such as the Peace Corps.
   

Simone Lambert, PhD, NCC, LPC; Emily Goodman-Scott, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPC

This article presents the functional treatment fit model (TFM) as a method toward assuring treatment fit with clients and uses a case study and a video link to demonstrate the model.

1. Readers will understand the definition and application of treatment fit (counselor and client agreement on presenting issues, counseling goals, and the initial treatment plan) as the strongest predictor of client outcomes.
2. Readers will be able to analyze through the presentation of a case study the use of a brief functional treatment fit model (TFM) to assist counselors in conducting needs assessments and co-created treatment plans toward treatment fit.
3. Readers will understand an argument for including links to videos in counseling journals in order to demonstrate methods by reviewing the video link provided in this article.
   

Russ Curtis, PhD, LPC; E. Heather Thompson,  PhD, LPC, RPT; Gerald A. Juhnke, EdD, MAC, NCC, ACS, LPC, LCAS; Melodie H. Frick, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

This article examines how a state association can best represent a state's counselors through a survey by a state counseling association of mental health counselors in that state.  Ways that associations, counselors, and counselor education programs can contribute to professional identify are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand through a survey by a state counseling association of its licensed mental health counselors information about employment, state association priorities, competence in professional activities, and professional support sources.
2. Readers will be able to analyze how the presented data is related to how a state association can better represent the state's counselors.
3. Readers will understand ways that professional associations, counselors, and counselor education programs can all contribute to strong professional identify in mental health counselors.
   

Monica G. Darcy, PhD, NCC, LMHC; Nahid M. Abed-Faghri, LCMHC

This article explores how training counseling students motivation interviewing impacts their self-efficacy and experience learning counseling skills. The authors also discussed implications for integrating motivation interviewing in counseling courses and provided suggestions for future research.

1. Readers will be more familiar with the counseling style of motivation interviewing.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how training in motivation interviewing can impact counselor trainees' self-efficacy.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the effects of motivation interviewing training on counselor trainees' learning experiences.
   

Melanie H. Iarussi, PhD, NCC, LPC-S; Jessica M. Tyler, PhD, NCC, LPC; Sarah Littlebear, PhD, LPC, Michelle S. Hinkle, PhD, ACS, LPC

This article examines how role diffusion may be a contributing factor in the ambiguity of school counseling roles by evaluating the results from graduate counseling students. The authors also discussed implications for school counselors and provided suggestions for future research.

1. Readers will be able to better identify different types of school counseling models.
2. Readers will have a better understanding of how role diffusion may contribute toward role ambiguity in school counseling.
3. Readers will be more familiar with how direct counseling services may be the least diffused and unique role in school counseling.
   

Randall L. Astramovich, PhD; Wendy J. Hoskins, PhD; Antonio P. Gutierrez, PhD; Kerry A. Bartlett, NCC, NCSC

This article focuses on how societal challenges may interfere or negatively impact Black college women's identity development and heterosexual relationships with Black men. The author also provided implications for counselors and higher education leaders of how to better support Black women during this stage of development.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of the heterosexual relationship challenges that Black college women face in the 21st century.
2. Readers will be more familiar with how higher education leaders can assist Black women in establishing a healthy identity.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about development models to better support Black women's evolving identity.
   

Wilma J. Henry, EdD, NCC

This article examines how history has shaped the definition of effectiveness through empirical research in mental health. While there has been a focus in left-brain functions in counseling practices, as it has shown to be effective, the author identifies the value of the right-brain and suggests an integration of the two for better counseling results.

1. Readers will have more knowledge about the history of identifying effectiveness with empirical research in mental health.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast how counseling approaches intercept left- and right-brain functions.
3. Readers will be more familiar with the value of integrating left- and right-brain functions in counseling practices.
   

Thomas A. Field, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC, LMHC

This article focuses on the value of multi-cultural development for counselors in training and how studying abroad enhances cultural awareness and skills.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the impact of multi-cultural training in counseling programs.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the educational value of studying abroad.
3. Readers will be more familiar with how studying abroad affects counselors in training multi-cultural competency and development.
   

Lorraine J. Guth, PhD, NCC, LPC; Garrett Mcauliffe, EdD, LPC; Megan Michalak, PhD, CMHC

This article explores the experience of invisibility through the use of semi-structured interviews of seven African-American males analyzed through the use of a phenomenological model. Four themes are identified and implications for counselors are discussed.

1. Readers will understand how the experience of invisibility among African-American males relates to racial identity development.
2. Readers will be able to analyze through the use of semi-structured interviews with African-American males the identification of four themes: self-affirmation, self-awareness, coping strategies, and the provision of effective counseling.
3. Readers will understand what roles counselors can play in assisting African-American males to cope with invisibility experiences.
   

Angel Riddick Dowden, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC-S; Jessica Decuir Gunby, PhD; Jeffrey M. Warren, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LSC, LPCS, LSC; Quintin Boston, PhD, LMHC, CRC

This article introduces the Tripartite Model (TM) as a mechanism for imparting multicultural learning and discusses how Relational-Cultural Theory can be used as a framework to merge TM and microskills training in order to teach multicultural counseling skills to counselor education students.

1. Readers will understand how the Tripartite Model (TM) is used to impart multicultural learning in counseling students.
2. Readers will understand the definition of Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT) and its relationship to TM and microskills training in imparting multicultural learning in counselor education programs.
3. Readers will be able to analyze through the use of a case study how to integrate RCT and microskills training to enhance skill development within counselor education.
   

Kristopher G. Hall, PhD, EdS, NCC, LPC; Sejal Barden, PhD, NCC, ASC, LPC; Abigail Conley, PhD

This article introduces a special issue of The Professional Counselor that focuses on the use of the recently introduced DSM-5 in counseling.

1. Readers will understand changes and updates that are included in the DSM-5.
2. Readers will understand cultural implications when utilizing the DSM-5 for diagnosis.
3. Readers will understand the purpose of the special issue of The Professional Counselor (TPC) focusing on the DSM-5 that this article introduces.
   

Matthew R. Buckley, EdD, NCC, ACS, BC-TMH, LPC, LCMHC

This article discusses three specific changes to the DSM-5, related innovations, limitations, and clinical implications for each change.

1. Readers will understand the harmonization of the DSM-5 with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, limitations in this change, and related clinical implications.
2. Readers will understand the introduction of spectrum disorders and dimensional ratings to the DSM-5, limitations in this change, and related clinical implications.
3. Readers will understand the new organization of the DSM-5, limitations to this change, and related clinical implications.
   

Gary G. Gintner, PhD, NCC, LPC-S

This article discusses the removal of the multiaxial system in the DSM-5 and related implications for counseling practice. Suggestions for counseling practice related to each of the five axes are discussed as well as how to sustain and update diagnostic skills.

1. Readers will understand about the removal of the multiaxial system from the DSM-5 and implications for counselors due to this change.
2. Readers will be able to analyze counseling practice suggestions related to each of the previous axes.
3. Readers will understand suggestions for counselors to sustain current diagnostic skills while developing updated practices that align with the DSM-5.
   

Victoria E. Kress, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC-S; Casey A. Barrio Minton, PhD, NCC; Nicole A. Adamson Stargell, PhD, NCC, LPCA, LSC; Matthew J. Paylo, PhD, LPCC-S; Verl Pope, EdD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC

This article presents concerns and proposed reasons behind the research and treatment gap that effects counselor education and proposes a research education model to address these gaps that aims to better address values held in counselor education.

1. Readers will understand concerns related to the gap between research and practice for counselor education.
2. Readers will understand the proposed reasons presented by the authors behind the gap between research and practice.
3. Readers will be able to analyze a proposed research education model aimed toward clinical, supervisory and pedagogical identities specifically meant to address the values within counselor education.
   

Kristi Lee, PhD, NCC, LPC; John A. Dewell, PhD, LPC; Courtney M. Holmes, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMFT

This article explores the effect of trauma in early childhood through a review of the literature. Treatment options and implications for counselors are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand the implications of exposure to trauma for young children and gain an historical perspective through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand symptoms, long-term consequences, and risk and protective factors regarding trauma in this population through a review of the literature.
3. Readers will understand recommended treatment for children exposed to trauma in early childhood through a review of the literature.
   

Kristen E. Buss, PhD; Jeffrey M. Warren, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LSC, LPCS; Evette Horton, PhD, NCC, LPCS, RPT-S

This article examines counselor educators' expectations of clinical experience before entering doctoral programs and when hiring new faculty.  The results can inform how counselor educators advise counseling students who are considering a doctoral program and a counselor education career.

1. Readers will understand an overview of expectations of post-master's clinical experience for counselors entering a doctoral program and entering academia as well as other professions' preferred clinical experience through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 166 counselor educators regarding hiring preferences in relation to clinical experience preferences when hiring faculty.
3. Readers will understand how the findings can influence counselor educators in how they advise students interested in pursuing a doctorate and a counselor education career.
   

Corrine R. Sackett, PhD, LMFT; Nadine Hartig, PhD, LPC, RPT; Nancy Bodenhorn, PhD; Laura B. Farmer, PhD, ACS, LPC; Michelle R. Ghoston, PhD, ACS, LPC, MHC; Jasmine Graham, PhD, NCC, LMFT; Jesse Lile, PhD, LPC, LMFT

This article examines the Mental Health Facilitator program, a community based mental health training, and how it may be impactful. The authors focused specifically on the trainings outcomes and the local community's reactions  for schools in Malawi.

1. Readers will understand the mental health challenges in Africa, specifically Malawi.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about a mental health training known as the Mental Health Facilitator, created by the National Board for Certified Counselors.
3. Readers will be more familiar with the impact of community mental health care, such as the Mental Health Facilitator program, for cultures such as Malawi.
   

Melissa Luke, PhD, NCC, ACS, LMHC; Scott Hinkle, PhD, Wendi Schweiger, PhD, NCC, LCMHC; Donna Henderson, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPC

This article focuses on the excoriation disorder, as detailed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The authors provide details on the disorders etiology, diagnosis, and suggested treatments.

1. Readers will be more familiar with the etiology of the excoriation disorder.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the assessment and diagnosis of the excoriation disorder.
3. Readers will have more information on possible treatments for the excoriation disorder.
   

Nicole A. Stargell, PhD, NCC, BC-TMH, LCMHCA; Victoria E. Kress, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC-S; Matthew J. Paylo,  PhD, LPCC-S; Alison Zins, LPC

This article examines the rates of self-injury among youth populations, and how the risk may be impacted by both gender and ethnicity.

1. Readers will have more information on the differences between self-injury and suicidal intent.
2. Readers will be more familiar with the relationship between gender and self-injury.
3. Readers will have more information on the value of integrating more diverse ethnicities when evaluating the risk of self-injury.
   

Kelly Emelianchik-Key, PhD, ACS, LMHC; Rebekah J. Byrd, PhD, NCC, LPC; Amanda C. La Guardia, PhD, LPC-S, LPCC-S

This article examines how assessment methods may impact  practitioners' self-evaluation of readiness, preparedness, and confidence to evaluate suicide risks among youths.

1. Readers will have more information on the relationship between practitioner readiness,  preparedness, and confidence to assess for suicide.
2. Readers will be more familiar with practitioners' personal sense of readiness, preparedness, and confidence when assessing youth suicide.
3. Readers will have more information on how the methods utilized to assess for suicide impacts practitioners' sense of readiness, preparedness, or confidence.
   

Robert C. Schmidt, EdD, NCC, LCPC

This article introduces the interaction of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) with the development of non-cognitive factors (NCF) and explores how REBT can be utilized within school counseling interventions and programs to develop NCFs in K-12 school children.

1. Readers will understand the definition of non-cognitive factors (NCF) and an introduction to Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand the empirical support for the close relationship between REBT and NCF and how REBT could be utilized as the basis for intervention to promote NCFs in K-12 students.
3. Readers will be able to analyze recommendations to utilize REBT interventions to develop NCFs within school counseling interventions and programs.
   

Jeffrey M. Warren, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPCS, LSC; Robyn W. Hale, NCC, LPCC

This article explores the experience of male counselor educators relative to their status as male educators in a profession primarily taught and staffed by females. Results indicated that male counselor educators do take their gender status into consideration in working with students, and implications are discussed.

1. Readers will understand some of the unique challenges of male faculty in helping professions that tend to have a larger female population of faculty and students through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 155 male counselor educators regarding their experiences in teaching and supervising.
3. Readers will understand implications of the data for counselor education practices.
   

Dee C. Ray, PhD, LPC-S, CCPT-S, CPRT-S, RPT-S; David D. Huffman, PhD, LPC-S, RPT; David D. Christian, PhD, LPC; Brittany J. Wilson, PhD, NCC, LPC, RPT

This article explores the utilization of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3 in predicting DSM-5 substance abuse disorder criteria.  The mixed results are discussed as well as implications for counselors working with this population.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3 (SASSI) through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 341 people encompassing college students, substance abuse impatient treatment center patients, and clients of an outpatient mental health center exploring agreement between the SASSI and the DSM-5 substance use disorder criteria.
3. Readers will understand implications of the results especially for counselors working with clients who may have substance abuse disorders.
   

John M. Laux, PhD, PCC-S, LICDC; Robin M. DuFresne, PhD, NCC, LPCC; Allison K. Arnekrans, PhD, NCC, LPC; Sylvia Lindinger-Sternart, PhD, LCPC, CRC; Christopher P. Roseman, PhD, LPCC; Amy Wertenberger, PhD, NCC, LPC; Stephanie Calmes, PhD, LPCC-S, LICDC-CS; Darren W. Love, LPCC-S; Andrew M. Burck, PhD, LPC, LPCC; Jim Schultz, LPC

This article explores gatekeeping practices and challenges in counselor education and educators' knowledge of student problems with professional competence. Data is collected from counselor educators regarding these two topics and implications of the results are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of problems with professional competence (PPC) in counseling students, gatekeeping practices, and challenges with these practices through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data collected from 370 counselor educators in CACREP-accredited programs regarding their knowledge of PPC and their perceptions of challenges in gatekeeping practices.
3. Readers will understand implications of the results for counselor education.
   

Kathleen Brown-Rice, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, LCAS; Susan Furr, PhD

This article explores the disproportionately higher diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in African American males. Six counselors are interviewed and four themes identified from the results. Implications for counselors and counselor educators are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand that Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is diagnosed disproportionately higher in African American males than in other groups and the factors that influence this fact through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze results analyzed using CQR from interviews of six counselors regarding factors that influence their diagnosis of ODD in African American males.
3. Readers will be able to understand implications of the results for counselors and counselor educators.
   

Marc A. Grimmett, PhD; Adria S. Dunbar, PhD, LPC, LSC; Teshanee Williams, PhD; Cory Clark, PhD, NCC, BC-TMH, LCMHC; Brittany Prioleau, NCC, LPC; Jen S. Miller, NCC, LCMHC

This article explores the development of self-efficacy in counseling students through the practicum experience utilizing a small-series single-case research design. Results and implications for counselor educators are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of counselor self-efficacy and supervision practices in counselor education through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from eleven students through the researcher utilization of a small-series single-case research design exploring the development of self-efficacy in students from their practicum experience.
3. Readers will understand the implications for counselor educators regarding combining the practicum experience with triadic supervision based on the results.
   

James Ikonomopoulos, PhD, LPC-S;  Javier Cavazos Vela, PhD, LPC; Wayne D. Smith, PhD, LPC; Julia Dell’Aquila, PhD, NCC

This article examines career counselors' perspective on social advocacy behaviors. The author found two primary factors that describes how counselors focused their efforts toward helping their clients.

1. Readers will have more information about career counselors' perspective on social inequity and advocacy.
2. Readers will be able to compare and contrast counselors' perspective on advocacy based on age and years of experience.
3. Readers will have a better understanding about the barriers that career counselors face when promoting social advocacy.
   

Melissa J. Fickling, PhD, NCC

This article examines the variables that impact high school students' persistence in college by facilitating an Educational Longitudinal Study. Implications for school, community, and college counselors are provided to better support student college persistence.

1. Readers will have more information about college persistence as students transition from high school to college.
2. Readers will better understand the factors that influence high school students' persistence in college.
3. Readers will have more information on how counselors can better assist students with college persistence.
   

Daniel T. Sciarra, PhD, NCC, LCMHC; Holly J. Seirup, EdD; Elizabeth Sposato

This article focuses on the pertinence of a multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS) for school counseling settings. The author discusses the value of MTSS for practitioners and counselor preparation programs.

1. Readers will better understand the usefulness of a multi-tiered system of supports for school counselors and counselor preparation programs.
2. Readers will have more information on the theory, research, and operational features for a multi-tiered system of supports.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about how a multi-tiered system of supports aligns with professional school counselor standards and practice.
   

Christopher A. Sink, PhD, NCC, LMHC

This article examines the frameworks of a multi-tiered system of supports and comprehensive school counseling programs. By better understanding both frameworks, the authors present a case study of how to possibly integrate the models for a new strategy in school counseling.

1. Readers will better understand the multi-tiered system of supports for school counselors.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about comprehensive school counseling programs for K-12 schools.
3. Readers will be able to compare and contrast multi-tiered system of supports and comprehensive school counseling programs to determine how these frameworks overlap.
   

Jolie Ziomek-Daigle, PhD, LPC, RPT-S; Emily Goodman-Scott, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPC; Jason Cavin, LPC, BCBA; Peg Donohue, PhD

This article examines the implementation in many U.S. states of the Response to Intervention (RTI) mandate and school counselors' perceptions of their training, knowledge, and confidence in implementing RTI in their schools.  Results are discussed in terms of the ASCA National Model and for school counselors and school counselor education.

1. Readers will understand the Response to Intervention (RTI) mandate in schools and how this potentially affects the school counselor's role through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 100 school counselors surveying them on their training, knowledge, and confidence in the implementation of RTI.
3. Readers will understand how the results are tied to the American School Counselor Association National Model and implications for school counselors and school counselor education.
   

Eva Patrikakou, PhD; Melissa S. Ockerman, PhD; Amy Feiker Hollenbeck, PhD

This article introduces and outlines steps for a model that is based on an integration of the ASCA National Model and the multi-tiered system of supports to help address behavior concerns especially for marginalized students of color. Implications for counselors and counselor educators are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model and the multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS) and how these two models provide frameworks for addressing issues in schools through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will understand how the ASCA model and the MTSS overlap to support students of color with behavior concerns as an alternative to punishments such as suspension which are disproportionately highly assigned to students of color.
3. Readers will understand steps of the integrated model and implications for school counselors and school counselor educators.
   

Christopher T. Belser, PhD, NCC; M. Ann Shillingford-Butler, PhD, NCC; J. Richelle Joe, PhD, NCC, ACS

This article provides an overview of Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (PBIS) in schools and the importance of infusing culturally responsive practices within PBIS. A case study at one elementary school is presented and the role of and implications for school counselors are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (PBIS) within the school environment and the reasons for including culturally responsive practices within PBIS through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze a case study that included a multi-disciplinary team that infused culturally responsive practices within PBIS in a diverse elementary school and the outcomes of these interventions.
3. Readers will understand the role the school counselor plays in these types of interventions and implications for school counselors based on the case study.
   

Jennifer Betters-Bubon, PhD, LPC; Todd Brunner, Avery Kansteiner, LPC

This article presents an Elementary and Secondary School Counseling Program grant utilized to create a school counseling program in an elementary school based on data collection and access related to student social and emotional indicators and program decisions based on this data.  Outcomes of the grant project are discussed as well as implications for school counselors.

1. Readers will understand an overview of a grant designed to initiate an elementary school counseling program in a district that did not formerly have school counseling at this level and the project goals of this grant.
2. Readers will understand how the data collection and accessing related to student social and emotional indicators as a project goal of the grant related to changes in the district.
3. Readers will understand implications for school counselors related to the outcomes in the district initiated by the grant objectives.
   

Karen Harrington, CAGS; Catherine Griffith, PhD; Katharine Gray; Scott Greenspan, PhD

This article examines counselor education faculty perceptions regarding the preparation of elementary school counselors and how this may differ from preparation of school counselors in other levels of education. Implications of the findings related to future research, counselor education and school counseling are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of school counselor preparation and roles and specifically how elementary school counselor roles may differ from other levels and the limited research investigating whether their preparation varies within counselor education from other levels of school counseling.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data utilizing a mixed methods study from 132 counselor education faculty regarding their experiences and preparation of students preparing to become elementary school counselors.
3. Readers will understand implications of the findings for further research, counselor education, and school counseling.
   

Emily Goodman-Scott, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPC; Jennifer Scaturo Watkinson, PhD, LCPC; Ian Martin, EdD; Kathy Biles, PhD, NCC

This article addresses the Syrian refugees crisis and the difficulties that arise for those that need mental health care. The authors also focus on the specific challenges of attaining mental health care and its implications for counselors.

1. Readers will have more information about the Syrian culture and the mental health challenges of Syrian refugees.
2. Readers will understand the needs of Syrian refugees, specifically their mental health needs.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the different barriers and challenges of Syrian refugees attaining mental health assistance.
   

Mehmet A. Karaman, PhD, LPC; Richard J. Ricard, PhD, LPC-S

This article examines empirical research focusing on violence, predictive associations of violence, and residual associations of violence against Native American men and women living on tribal land. The authors also provided various implications for counselors when working with clients with such experiences.

1. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the violence and the predictive associations of violence against Native American men and women.
2. Readers will be more knowledgeable about the residual associations of violence against Native American men and women.
3. Readers will have more information about the barriers to mental health care for Native Americans.
   

Adam Hardy, NCC, ACT, LPC; Kathleen Brown-Rice, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, LCAS

This article explores the relationship among stress, burnout, and the provision of direct student services among a large sample of school counselors. Directions for future research and school counseling are also discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of services that school counselors provide students and the incidence of stress and burnout for this population of counselors through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data from 926 school counselors exploring the relationship among burnout, stress and the provision of services to students.
3. Readers will be able to understand recommended directions for further research and implications for school counselors.
   

Patrick R. Mullen, PhD, NCC, NCSC, ACS; Daniel Gutierrez, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMHC

This article outlines the importance of wellness for counselors and investigates its inclusion in clinical supervision through an in-depth qualitative analysis of supervisor interviews. Implications for clinical supervisors and counselor educators as well as areas for future research are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of the importance of the concept of wellness in counseling and the importance of its inclusion in clinical supervision considerations through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze qualitative data from six clinical supervisors utilizing a psychological phenomenological methodology exploring their perceptions of wellness in supervision.
3. Readers will understand implications from the results for clinical supervisors and counselor educators and recommendations for future research.
   

Ashley J. Blount, PhD; Dalena Dillman Taylor, PhD, LPC, RPT; Glenn W. Lambie, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, NCSC; Arami Nika Anwell, EdD

This article explores gatekeeping practices in counselor education, especially related to the requirement for students to submit to a criminal background check through a survey of counselor education programs. Implications for counselor education and future research are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an overview of gatekeeping in the counseling profession and an introduction of the use of criminal background checks (CBC) as a gatekeeping practice through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data collected from 83 CACREP-accredited master's level counselor education programs about the use of CBC as a gatekeeping practice within these programs.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselor education and recommended directions for future research from a discussion of the collected data.
   

Maribeth F. Jorgensen, PhD, NCC, LMHC; Kathleen Brown-Rice, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, LCAS

This article examines the existence of telemental health terminology inclusion in state mental health policies of four mental health professions in all 50 states. Results, implications for counselors, and recommendations for future research are discussed.

1. Readers will understand an introduction and history of telemental health and the lack of consistency in terminology in state mental health licensure laws regarding telemental health through a review of the literature.
2. Readers will be able to analyze data presented from an examination of state mental health policies across all 50 U.S. states in counseling, psychology, marriage and family therapy, and social work regarding the inclusion of terminology related to telemental health.
3. Readers will understand implications for counselors and suggested directions for further research from a discussion of the results.
   

Jay Ostrowski, NCC, ACS, BC-TMH, LPC-S; Traci P. Collins, NCC, LPC

This article offers a conceptualization of how public and societal fears related to COVID-19 may contribute to unique mental health disparities and the presence of race-based trauma among AAPIs residing in the United States, identifies the clinical implications of counseling AAPI clients, encourages a decolonization of current trauma-focused interventions, and presents specific strategies to heal race-based trauma in AAPI client populations.

1. Readers will obtain a deeper understanding of the history of xenophobia and sinophobia that has been embedded in Western history.
2. Readers will increase knowledge about culturally sensitive ways to address race-based trauma in Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.
3. Readers will recognize how microinterventions can be used to address experiences of microaggressions.
   

Stacey Diane Arañez Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC

This study (N = 538) compared predictors of well-being that comprise both well-established counseling theories (e.g., attachment) and newer models specific to the life experience of the millennial generation and Generation Z.

1. Learn about the mental health trajectories of present-day college students.
2. Understand how modern dynamics like emerging adulthood and social media can be used to better understand college student mental health.
   

Joel A. Lane, PhD, NCC, LPC

This paper addresses the current research, presenting problems, implications, and interventions school counselors can utilize when working with this population.

1. Describe how school counselors can utilize their role and unique position within schools and communities to serve and address the complex needs of students in foster care.
2. Identify the challenges, vulnerabilities, and barriers that students in foster care face and how they influence a student’s personal/social, academic, and college/career success.
3. Recognize how to more effectively serve students in foster care by implementing evidence-based interventions that promote equity and access within the school system.
   

Hannah Brinser; Addy Wissel, PhD

This article surveyed a national sample of 94 licensed clinicians to better understand their work with clients who self-injure, including their beliefs about self-injury and whether appropriate training was involved in their graduate coursework.

1. Readers will gain a more thorough understanding of NSSI and the concept of social contagion.
2. Readers will learn about the frequency of NSSI as reported by licensed clinicians as well as descriptions of clients who self-injure.
3. Readers will gain knowledge related to how to prepare to work with clients who self-injure and ways in which they can assess, conceptualize, and treat NSSI.
   

Amanda Giordano, PhD, LPC; Lindsay A. Lundeen, MS, NCC; Chelsea M. Scoffone, MEd; Erin P. Kilpatrick, MS, NCC, LPC; Frank B. Gorritz, MS, NCC

This article provides an overview of service learning and identifies ways counselor educators may foster advocacy skills among counselors-in-training through the use of planned service learning experiences in the counselor education curriculum.

1. Describe the history, purpose, and usefulness of service learning.
2. Discuss the importance of advocacy and social justice within counselor education and the counseling profession, including the importance of the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies.
3. Identify practical ideas for incorporating service-learning projects within counselor education classes.
   

Kristen Arla Langellier, PhD, NCC; Randall L. Astramovich, PhD, LCPC; Elizabeth A. Doughty Horn, PhD, LCPC

This study explores perceptions of ethical integration of neuroscience among mental health counselors, counselors-in-training, and counselor educators, and discussions implications and considerations for counselors prior to integrating neuroscience into their practice.

1. Explore implications, including risks and benefits, that neuroscience research may have on the education and practice of counseling.
2. Consider the ethical concerns that current and future counselors may have with the integration of neuroscience into the profession.
3. Identify ways in which the counseling profession can take steps to discern how neuroscience can best be integrated through research and training.
   

Chad Luke, PhD, NCC, MAC, ACS, LPC/MHSP; Eric T. Beeson, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC, CRC; Raissa Miller, PhD, LPC; Thomas A. Field, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC, LMHC; Laura K. Jones, PhD, MS

This article discusses implications for advocacy and stigma reduction in substance use treatment, including ways that counselors and counselor educators can implement and advocate for interventions and training that increase positive attitudes toward seeking help.

1. Identify the various types of stigma.
2. Recognize the influence of stigma on AOD use.
3. Identify how stigma influences help-seeking attitudes.
   

Daniel Gutierrez, PhD, NCC, LPC, CSAC; Allison Crowe, PhD, NCC, LPCS; Patrick R. Mullen, PhD, NCC; Laura Pignato; Shuhui Fan, NCC

This article investigated both individual and organizational factors of burnout conceptualized as a multidimensional phenomenon with 227 school counselors. Multidimensional burnout was measured by the five subscales of the Counselor Burnout Inventory, which included Exhaustion, Incompetence, Negative Work Environment, Devaluing Clients, and Deterioration in Personal Life.

1. Identify individual and organizational factors that contribute to school counselor burnout.
2. Examine the multiple dimensions of school counselor burnout.
   

Heather J. Fye, PhD, NCC, LPC; Ryan M. Cook, ACS, LPC; Eric R. Baltrinic, LPCC-S; Andrea Baylin, NCC, PEL

This article examined relationships between perceived organizational support, supervisory alliance, and the impact of the event on counselors who have experienced a client suicide, as well as the use and perceived helpfulness of agency policies regarding counselor-oriented support after client suicide.

1. Explore how suicide tends to impact counselor survivors.
2. Examine how the supervisory relationship impacts counselor survivors’ experiences of client suicide.
3. Identify helpful and unhelpful responses to client suicide.
   

Nathaniel J. Wagner, PhD, LMHC; Colleen M. L. Grunhaus, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Victor E. Tuazon, PhD, NCC, LPC

This article presents the experiences of students who participated in a classroom-based school counseling intervention in which they co-created a hip-hop studio as a social and emotional support space for inclusivity, comfort, and belonging; a place to make their own design choices; and a practice space to garner peer support, engage in personal self-development, and support others.

1. Explore the importance of including youth in the design of counseling environments to support their social and emotional development.
2. Examine how approaches to hip-hop–based school counseling might be used to accentuate counseling work.
   

Ian P. Levy, EdD; Edmund S. Adjapong, PhD

This study explored the unique personal experiences of Black adolescents located in the rural southeastern United States, with the purpose of gaining a clearer understanding when working with this population.

1. Readers will explore the experiences of 10 Black adolescents living in rural communities in the southeastern United States.
2. Readers will identify the most reported symptoms and factors attributed to depression among Black adolescents.
3. Readers will examine an overview of treatment options for depressed Black adolescents, as well as barriers to treatment.
   

TeShaunda Hannor-Walker, PhD, NCC, LPC, CPCS; Lynn Bohecker, PhD, LMFT; Lacey Ricks, PhD, NCC; Sarah Kitchens, PhD, NCC

This article provides an overview of the Program for the Integrated Training of Counselors in Behavioral Health (PITCH). The authors discuss challenges in implementation; solutions; and implications for counselor training, clinical practice, and behavioral health workforce development.

1. Readers will be able to articulate the necessity of integrated behavioral health care.
2. Readers will be able to summarize the PITCH program.
3. Readers will be able to identify three challenges and three potential solutions to an integrated behavioral health care training program, such as PITCH.
   

Jessica Lloyd-Hazlett, PhD, NCC, LPC; Cory Knight, MS; Stacy Ogbeide, PsyD, ABPP; Heather Trepal, PhD, LPC-S; Noel Blessing, MS

This study examined whether topics pertinent to mass incarceration and the impact on families are being addressed in counselor education programs, and discussed the need to expose students to information on implicit bias and data on mass incarceration as well as the need to develop and validate specific treatment modalities and protocols.

1. Readers will be able to identify key challenges faced by children of incarcerated parents.
2. Readers will be able to identify curricular recommendations for counselor educators training students to work with children of incarcerated parents.
   

Jessica Burkholder, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; David Burkholder, PhD, ACS, LPC; Stephanie Hall, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Victoria Porter

This article introduces and illustrates the Five Ps framework, which is an idiographically based framework providing clinicians with a systematic and flexible means of addressing substance use and misuse that can be used in conjunction with standard substance use and misuse interventions

1. Readers will understand the complexities and challenges inherent in clients who participate in substance use and misuse.
2. Readers will understand how to utilize the Five Ps framework to case formulate and intervene with clients who participate in substance use and misuse.
   

Scott W. Peters, PhD, LPC-S

This article presents the results of a study on the reliability and internal consistency of the Professional Disposition Competence Assessment—Revised Admission (PDCA-RA), which the authors developed as a screening tool for dispositional assessment in admissions interviews.

1. The reader will be able to discuss an assessment technique for monitoring counselor student dispositions.
2. The reader will be able to identify several techniques for measuring interrater reliability and agreement.
3. The reader will be able to describe a video-based training program for increasing rater agreement.
   

Curtis Garner, EdD, NCC, NCSC, LCPC; Brenda Freeman, PhD; Roger Stewart, PhD; Ken Coll, PhD

This article used a family systems framework to investigate self-injurious behavior in a sample of adolescents with traits of borderline personality disorder who were taking part in dialectical behavior therapy. The article explores the interrelations among family communication, roles, problem-solving, affective involvement, affective responsiveness,
behavioral control, and conflict and self-injurious behavior.

1. Recognize the context of adolescents seeking treatment for traits of borderline personality disorder: experiences with family and self-injurious behavior.
2. Understand the relationship between family functioning and self-injurious behavior in treatment-seeking adolescents with traits of borderline personality disorder.
   

Melissa Sitton, MS; Tina Du Rocher Schudlich, PhD, MHP; Christina Byrne, PhD; Chase M. Ochrach, MS; Seneca E. A. Erwin, BS

This article describes the current sociopolitical events that have adversely impacted international students in the United States., identifies challenges to international students’ mental health, and makes recommendations grounded in critical feminist and bioecological approaches to facilitate counselors’ clinical and advocacy work with international students.

1. Readers will gain a critical analysis of recent events and policies against international students in the United States and their potential impact on international students’ mental health.
2. Readers will explore the merits of adopting a critical feminist and bioecological lens when counseling international students in the United States and discuss the value of adopting an intersectionality framework when counseling international students.
3. Readers will learn of specific strategies to support international students’ mental health and advocacy and collaboration strategies to counter the deleterious effects of systemic racism on international students’ mental health.
   

S Anandavalli, PhD, NCC, LPC-I; John J. S. Harrichand, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC, LMHC; Stacey Diane Arañez Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC

This article presents an analysis of data from a national sample of American School Counselor Association (ASCA) members practicing in elementary, middle, secondary, or K–12 school settings (N = 4,066) to test the underlying structure of the School Counselor Knowledge and Skills Survey for Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (SCKSS).

1. Accurately identify the core factors of school counselors’ knowledge and skills for MTSS.
2. Understand the rationale for assessing and monitoring school counselors’ knowledge and skills for MTSS.
   

Jacob Olsen, PhD; Sejal Parikh Foxx, PhD; Claudia Flowers, PhD

This article presents results from a systematic review of the empirical literature on bilingual counseling published between 2000 and 2019, which revealed that the studies published within the past two decades have focused on examining counselors’ perspectives on bilingual counseling but have not sought to understand clients' perspectives.

1. List the three theme outcome areas as a result of the investigation of the process review by the authors.
2. Identify client perspectives, counselor perspectives, and training and supervision perspectives in the area of bilingual counseling.
3. Recognize the need for future research in bilingual counseling.
   

Atsuko Seto, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Nancy L. A. Forth, PhD, NCC, LPC

This article sought to develop an understanding of the research scholarship focused on doctoral-level counselor education, demonstrating through scoping research that the corpus of research on doctoral-level counselor education is limited and highlighting the need for future, organized scholarship.

1. Readers will understand the trends within the published doctoral-level counselor education research.
2. Readers will be able to articulate the gaps within the published doctoral-level counselor education research.
   

Gideon Litherland, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, BC-TMH, LCPC; Gretchen Schulthes, PhD, NCC, LAC

This article examines whether the number of doctoral programs accredited by CACREP is regionally imbalanced, using an ex post facto study to analyze differences in the number of doctoral programs among the five regions commonly defined by national counselor education associations and organizations.

1. Understand the growth in CACREP-accredited master’s programs during the last decade relative to the growth of doctoral programs.
2. Understand regional differences in the prevalence of counselor education doctoral programs.
3. Consider the impacts of these regional differences on a counselor education program’s ability to recruit new faculty who meet CACREP core faculty requirements.
   

Thomas A. Field, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC, LMHC; William H. Snow, PhD; J. Scott Hinkle, PhD, ACS, BCC, HS-BCP

This article examines faculty perceptions of high-quality doctoral programs through in-depth interviews with core faculty members at CACREP-accredited doctoral programs. The findings of this study can be important for faculty and administrators to consider when establishing and maintaining a counselor education and supervision doctoral program.

1. Develop awareness of differences between doctoral students’ motivations for entering a doctoral program and departmental goals and expectations.
2. Identify five themes that current counselor education faculty members believe contribute to high-quality doctoral programs.
3. Learn how administrators, program faculty, and prospective doctoral students contribute to and help sustain a high-quality doctoral program.
   

Jennifer Preston, PhD, NCC, LPC; Heather Trepal, PhD, LPC-S; Ashley Morgan; Justin Jacques, ACS, LPC, CAC II; Joshua D. Smith, PhD, LCMHCA, LCASA; Thomas A. Field, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC, LMHC

This article investigated instructor and student views on the essential design, delivery, and evaluation components of a doctoral counselor education teaching instruction (CETI) course; implications for incorporating the findings into CES pedagogy and for designing, delivering, and evaluating CETI courses are presented.

1. Readers will have an increased understanding of doctoral-level teaching preparation practices in counselor education.
2. Readers will learn what a counselor education teaching instruction (CETI) course is and its potential role within doctoral-level teaching preparation practices.
3. Readers will learn three data-driven perspectives on the essential design, delivery, and evaluation components of a CETI course.
   

Eric R. Baltrinic, PhD, LPCC-S; Eric G. Suddeath, PhD, LPC

This article presents a grounded theory based on interviews with counselor education doctoral students (CEDS) regarding their research identity development, the findings of which reflect the process-oriented nature of research identity development and the influence of program design, research content knowledge, experiential learning, and self-efficacy on this process.

1. Readers will gain a better understanding of the research identity development process of counselor education doctoral students (CEDS) during their doctoral program.
2. Readers will identify specific experiences of CEDS that influenced their research identity development.
3. Readers will learn strategies to implement into their counselor education doctoral training programs.
   

Dodie Limberg, PhD; Therese Newton, NCC; Kimberly Nelson; Casey A. Barrio Minton, NCC; John T. Super, NCC, LMFT; Jonathan Ohrt

This article examined the publication trends of faculty in 396 CACREP-accredited counselor education and supervision (CES) programs based on Carnegie classification by exploring 5,250 publications over the last decade in 21 American Counseling Association and American Counseling Association division journals; the results of this study can be used to inform the training and preparation of doctoral students in CES programs through a Happenstance Learning Theory framework, specifically regarding their role as scholars and researchers.

1. Readers will be able to better understand counseling publication trends as they relate to program expectations based on Carnegie classification.
2. Readers will be able to apply this knowledge to help inform advising and mentorship opportunities for doctoral students.
3. Readers will be able to weigh the presented information to become more aware of expectations and inform career decisions.
   

Cian L. Brown, MS, NCC, LPC, BCN; Anthony J. Vajda, PhD, NCC; David D. Christian, PhD, LPC

This conceptual article provides an overview of advising relationships, particularly within counselor education; a thorough review of relational cultural theory and its potential utility in advising; and a case conceptualization to illustrate how faculty advisors can enhance their advising practices and better address interpersonal dynamics within the advising relationship.

1. Readers will be able to identify the eight RCT tenets as a theoretically grounded approach to advising master’s and doctoral students in counselor education.
2. Readers will be able to understand and explain at least one example of an advising need for both master’s and doctoral students.
3. Readers will describe at least two strategies for implementing RCT-consistent interventions within their advising practices.
   

Kirsis A. Dipre, MA, NCC; Melissa Luke, PhD, NCC, ACS, LMHC

This phenomenological study examined the mentoring experiences of doctoral student mothers or recent graduates in counselor education and supervision programs, resulting in a discussion of mentoring as a protective factor in helping navigate barriers, providing academic and emotional encouragement, reducing isolation, and creating realistic timelines.

1. Readers will identify the competing roles for doctoral student mothers and how these roles influence satisfaction and attrition in doctoral programs.
2. Readers will be able to describe several challenges/barriers of doctoral student mothers who are engaged in doctoral studies and the requisite needs for their success.
3. Readers will understand the role of mentoring for doctoral student mothers and how student mothers experienced faculty/peer mentoring.
   

Vanessa Kent, PhD, NCC, LCMHC-S, LMFT; Helen Runyan, PhD, NCC, LPC; David Savinsky, PhD, ACS, LPC, LMFT, CSAC; Jasmine Knight, PhD, NCC

This article presents a transcendental phenomenological study investigating counselor educators’ emotionally intense gatekeeping experiences, in hopes that the accounts of these counselor educators may compel other faculty, counselors in the field, and doctoral students to be better prepared for emotional gatekeeping experiences.

1. Readers will increase their understanding of emotionally intense gatekeeping and how these unique experiences are different from other types of gatekeeping.
2. Readers will increase their knowledge on how emotionally intense gatekeeping events may lead to interactions with university appeals committees, deans, provosts, lawyers, licensure boards, and others as a result of performing gatekeeping responsibilities.
   

Daniel A. DeCino, PhD, NCC, LPC (Colorado); Phillip L. Waalkes, PhD, NCC, ACS; Amanda Dalbey, MA

In this article, the authors describe a developmental experiential model to infuse gatekeeping instruction into counselor education and supervision doctoral course and discuss developmental, pedagogical, and administrative implications for counselor educators.

1. Participants will be able to identify the rationale for counselor education faculty engaging in gatekeeping and the accreditation and ethical standards that relate to the expectation of gatekeeping.
2. Participants will be able to describe a minimum of four experiential activities that are included in the Developmental Experiential Gatekeeping (DEG) Model and may be useful to counselor educators in teaching gatekeeping to doctoral students.
3. Participants will develop an understanding of doctoral counseling student responses to engaging in gatekeeping instruction through the DEG Model.
   

Brenda Freeman, PhD, NCC, LCPC, CPC; Tricia Woodliff, PhD, NCC, ACS, CPC; Mona Martinez, PhD, CPC

This article utilized grounded theory qualitative research to gain a better understanding of how faculty members in doctoral counselor education and supervision programs reported that their departments responded to the need for recruiting, retaining, and supporting doctoral students from underrepresented racial minority backgrounds.

1. Readers will gain awareness of the real gaps in successful recruitment, retention, and support of doctoral students from URM backgrounds, which have long-term ramifications for the counseling profession.
2. Readers will be able to assess whether the successful strategies in recruiting, retaining and supporting URM doctoral students discussed in the article are present in their programs.
3. Readers will gain knowledge about a framework for recruiting, retaining, and supporting URM doctoral students that provides a workable structure that they can implement in their programs.
   

Jennie Ju, PhD, LPC; Rose Merrell-James; J. Kelly Coker, PhD, MBA, NCC, BC-TMH, LCMHC; Michelle Ghoston, PhD, ACS, LPC(VA), LCMHC; Javier F. Casado Pérez, PhD, NCC, LPC, CCTP; Thomas A. Field, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC, LMHC

This article reviews representation within counselor education, offers a history of the Minority Fellowship Program, provides doctoral fellowship recipient outcome data, and concludes with implications for counselor education.

1. Readers will learn about the history of the Minority Fellowship Program within counselor education and supervision doctoral programs.
2. Readers will identify minoritized counselor educator recruitment and retention barriers within counselor education.
3. Readers will identify those aspects of the MFP that fellows found most impactful.
   

Susan F. Branco, PhD, NCC, ACS, BC-TMH, LPC, LCPC; Melonie Davis, MA, NCC, LCMHC-A

This article identifies strategies used to help students navigate the dissertation process and analyzes the success of those strategies, identifying structural and relational strategies were identified as significant to the successful completion of the dissertation process.

1. Readers will gain an understanding of strategies to support counselor education and supervision doctoral student development throughout the dissertation process.
2. Readers will gain greater insight regarding the role and function of a dissertation chairperson throughout successful dissertation advising.
   

Michelle Ghoston, PhD, ACS, LPC, LCMHC; Tameka Grimes, PhD, NCC; Jasmine Graham, PhD; Justin Grimes, PhD; Thomas A. Field, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC, LMHC

Using qualitative analysis,this article explored counselor educators’ experiences collaborating with university administrators to gain support for beginning and sustaining counselor education and supervision doctoral programs, highlighting the need to understand political elements, economical aspects, and the identity of the proposed program.

1. Describe strategies for discussing new counselor education and supervision doctoral programs with higher education administrators.
2. Conceptualize the individualized planning process required when developing counselor education doctoral programs.
   

Rebecca Scherer, PhD, NCC, ACS, CPC; Regina Moro, PhD, NCC, BC-TMH, LPC, LMHC, LCAS; Tara Jungersen, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LMHC; Leslie Contos, NCC, CCMHC, LCPC; Thomas A. Field, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, ACS, LPC, LMHC

In this study, the authors conducted a Q methodology study to investigate how counseling students view their roles as new supervisees, revealing implications for applying findings to improve supervision instruction and student learning.

1. Readers will have an increased understanding of the importance of including supervisees’ perspectives in the training supervision process for counseling practicum courses.
2. Readers will learn how Q methodology can be used to obtain rigorous and practical data within a single course setting.
3. Readers will learn three data-driven perspectives that can inform the design, delivery, and evaluation of counseling practicum courses.
   

Eric R. Baltrinic, PhD, LPCC-S (OH); Ryan M. Cook, PhD, ACS, LPC; Heather J. Fye, PhD, NCC, LPC

This article presents a new mnemonic device, SHORES, which was created as a way for school counselors to address protective factors against suicide. In addition, the authors review the literature on comprehensive school suicide prevention and suicide protective factors; describe the relevance of a suicide protective factors mnemonic that school counselors can use; and illustrate the mnemonic’s application in classroom guidance, small-group, and individual settings.

1. Identify suicide protective factors when assessing students for risk of suicide.
2. Recognize how the mnemonic SHORES can be used in suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention efforts.
3. Apply the mnemonic SHORES when discussing suicide protective factors.
   

Diane M. Stutey, PhD, NCC, LPC, RPT-S; Jenny L. Cureton, PhD, LPC (TX, CO); Kim Severn, MA, LPC; Matthew Fink, MA

This article offers implications and considerations for both novice and professional counselors and supervisors, urging them to conceptualize counselor burnout using both frequently endorsed and less commonly endorsed self-reported symptoms.

1. Readers will be able to discuss the range of burnout symptoms that are experienced by novice professional counselors.
2. Readers will be able to identify multiple professional challenges for novice professional counselors and how those challenges manifest into self-reported symptoms of burnout.
   

Ryan M. Cook, PhD, ACS, LPC; Heather J. Fye, PhD, NCC, LPC; Janelle L. Jones, MS, NCC; Eric R. Baltrinic, PhD, LPCC-S (OH)

This article examines the relationships between psychological capital (PsyCap), coping strategies, and well-being during COVID-19 among university students using self-report measures, revealing that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic and presenting implications and recommendations for psychoeducation and counseling interventions to promote PsyCap and adaptive coping strategies in university students.

1. Readers will explore the mental health of college students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine correlates of well-being before and during the pandemic.
2. Readers will gain an understanding of how college students' coping strategies and the positive psychological characteristics of hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism relate to well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. Readers will gain an understanding of what interventions and approaches may be useful to assist college students during the COVID-19 pandemic and similar crises.
   

Priscilla Rose Prasath, PhD, MBA, LPC (TX); Peter C. Mather, PhD; Christine Suniti Bhat, PhD, LPC, LSC (OH); Justine K. James, PhD

This meta-study evaluates publication patterns and trends occurring in the first 9 years of The Professional Counselor (TPC) by examining both author and article characteristics, with a particular focus on research articles.

1. Understand publication trends, including journal article and author characteristics, of The Professional Counselor (TPC).
2. Understand the evolution of articles published within TPC since its inception in 2011.
3. Understand the types of research designs and statistical procedures commonly used in articles appearing in TPC.
   

Dorrie Williams; Marcella Melanson; Bradley T. Erford, PhD, NCC, LPC, LCPC

This article empowers professional counselors to support the Filipino community by (a) describing how COVID-19 contributes to racial microaggressions and institutional racism toward Filipino communities; (b) underscoring how COVID-19 exacerbates exposure to stressors and disparities that influence help-seeking behaviors and utilization of counseling among Filipinos; and (c) outlining how professional counselors can promote racial socialization, outreach, and mental health equity with Filipino communities to mitigate the effects of COVID-19.

1. Obtain a deeper understanding of how COVID-19 contributes to racial microaggressions and institutional racism toward Filipino communities.
2. Learn how COVID-19 exacerbates exposure to stressors, affects help-seeking behaviors, and creates barriers to professional counseling services among Filipino communities.
3. Learn practical counseling strategies to support Filipino clients and promote health equity of Filipino communities.
   

Christian D. Chan, PhD, NCC; Stacey Diane Arañez Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC-S

This article presents a transcendental phenomenological study using semistructured interviews and artifacts to explore 12 Midwestern rural-based mental health counselors’ experiences counseling rural women through a feminist lens and offers specific implications for counselors to address the unique mental health needs of rural women, including hearing their stories through their personal lenses and offering them opportunities for empowerment at their own pace.

1. Increase counselors’ awareness of the unique mental health needs of rural women.
2. Develop counselors’ understanding of the increasing diversity of rural women.
3. Advocate for counselor educators to incorporate knowledge of rural mental health into counselor education programs.
   

Lisbeth A. Leagjeld, PhD, NCC, LCPC, LPC-MH; Phillip L. Waalkes, PhD, NCC, ACS; Maribeth F. Jorgensen, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMHC, LIMHP

This article seeks to inform counseling practitioners and counselor educators about the potential role epigenetics plays in mental health, including engaging in early life span health prevention and wellness, attending to micro and macro environmental influences during assessment and treatment, collaborating with other health professionals in epigenetic research, and incorporating epigenetic findings into counselor education curricula.

1. Counselors will remember the foundation of epigenetics.
2. Counselors will recall the association between mental health and epigenetics.
3. Counselors will be able to identify counselor implications associated with epigenetics.
   

David E. Jones, EdD, NCC, LPC; Jennifer S. Park, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Katie Gamby, PhD, LPC, CWC; Taylor M. Bigelow, PhD; Tesfaye B. Mersha, PhD; Alonzo T. Folger, PhD, MS

The present study examined the relationships between childhood attachment, adult attachment, self-esteem, and psychological distress, specifically the multiple mediating roles of self-esteem and adult attachment on the association between childhood attachment and psychological distress.

1. Identify the relationship between childhood attachment and adult attachment.
2. Learn how childhood attachment predicts psychological distress through self-esteem and adult attachment.
3. Learn potential counseling interventions based on the results of self-esteem and adult attachment as mediators.
   

Fei Shen, PhD; Yanhong Liu, PhD, NCC; Mansi Brat, PhD, LPC

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the literature surrounding school counselors and their support of underrepresented high school students who are interested in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM).

1. Readers will gain knowledge on the diversity gaps in STEM education and the workforce, as well as what the school counselor’s role is in STEM career development.
2. Readers will learn about high school counselors’ roles in STEM career development, including examples of specific interventions used, training and needs, and barriers to providing STEM counseling.
   

Autumn L. Cabell, PhD, NCC, LPC, CCC, CCTP; Dana Brookover, PhD, NCC; Amber Livingston, MEd; Ila Cartwright, MEd

This article provides an overview of the literature on vicarious grief (VG), discusses the potential impact of VG on counselors-in-training, presents a case study illustrating attention to VG in supervision, and provides practical strategies doctoral supervisors can employ when addressing VG in supervision, drawing on Bernard and Goodyear’s discrimination model.

1. Readers will learn the definition of vicarious grief (VG) and be able to identify how VG enters into the supervisory relationship, including challenges doctoral student supervisors may experience in addressing VG with CITs.
2. Readers will be able to explain how supervisory roles, as described by the Discrimination Model of Supervision, can support doctoral student supervisors in addressing VG within supervision with CITs.
3. Readers will learn about how VG can be integrated into doctoral student curricular preparation and training.
   

Samara G. Richmond, MA, MS, NCC, LGPC; Amber M. Samuels, MS, NCC, LGPC; A. Elizabeth Crunk, PhD, NCC, LGPC

This article explores the psychosocial strengths of international graduate students of color when dealing with multiple stressors and offers recommendations for employing an asset-based approach in counseling and counselor education.

1. Readers will learn about the importance of strengths-based counseling with minoritized communities.
2. Readers will learn about the multiple systemic challenges that international graduate students of color (IGSCs) experience.
3. Readers will learn about the unique strengths IGSCs use to support their mental health.
   

S Anandavalli, PhD, NCC, LPC (Intern); L. DiAnne Borders, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Lori E. Kniffin, PhD

This article reviews the literature on how adverse childhood experiences impact the biopsychosocial development and educational outcomes of young males of color (YMOC), highlighting a strengths-based perspective underscoring resilience among YMOC in presenting strategies to promote culturally responsive intervention with YMOC, focused professional development, and advocacy in the school counseling profession.

1. Readers will gain knowledge of current literature on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and childhood trauma.
2. Readers will gain knowledge of implications of and tangible suggestions for school counselor interventions to respond to the needs of young males of color.
3. Readers will gain awareness of the impact of ACEs on biological, psychological, and social development in young males of color.
   

Shaywanna Harris, PhD, NCC; Christopher T. Belser, PhD, NCC; Naomi J. Wheeler, PhD, NCC, LMHC; Andrea Dennison, PhD

This qualitative phenomenological study explored the perceptions of military spouses regarding suicide within their community and provides implications for practicing counselors and military leadership in helping to prevent military spouse suicide as well as recommendations for future research regarding ways to support military spouse mental health and prevent suicide in this community.

1. Readers will be able to identify the challenges that military spouses face that affect their mental health and well-being.
2. Readers will be able to describe the military spouse participants’ perceptions of suicide within their community.
3. Readers will be able to articulate the military spouse participants’ perceptions of necessary suicide prevention measures within their community.
   

Rebekah F. Cole, PhD, NCC, LPC; Rebecca G. Cowan, PhD, NCC, BC-TMH, LPC, DCMHS; Hayley Dunn; Taryn Lincoln

This article examined psychosocial predictors of self-injurious behavior (SIB) within and between two populations: individuals with traits of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and college students, exploring the idea that a psychosocial approach to predicting SIB may allow for more accurate predictions and enhance intervention for individuals who engage in SIB.

1. Differentiate the experiences of self-injurious behavior across different samples of individuals with traits of borderline personality disorder and college students.
2. Understand how predictors of self-injurious behavior may differ across samples of individuals with traits of borderline personality disorder and college students.
   

Melissa J. Sitton, MS; Tina Du Rocher Schudlich, PhD, MHP; Christina Byrne, PhD

This article introduces the Relational-Cultural and Adlerian Multicultural Framework (RAMF), a new culturally responsive and decolonizing framework grounded in the extant research that integrates relational-cultural theory (RCT) and Adlerian theory principles, which is intended to be a new pedagogical approach to enhance multicultural education across CE programs by offering a more comprehensive lens to view multicultural and social justice issues.

1. Readers will examine pedagogical gaps in multicultural education across counselor education programs.
2. Readers will learn about basic principles of the RAMF and how this framework can be used to enhance multicultural pedagogy.
   

Taylor Irvine, MEd, EdS, LMHC; Adriana Labarta, MEd, EdS, LMHC; Kelly Emelianchik-Key, PhD, NCC, ACS, LMHC, LMFT

This exploratory study examined the extent to which coping, resilience, experiences of subtle and blatant racism, and ethnic identity predicted stress-related growth in a national convenience sample of Asians and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) who experienced COVID-19–related racial discrimination.

1. Readers will obtain a deeper understanding of how anti-Asian discrimination following COVID-19 negatively impacts the mental health and wellness of Asian and AAPI communities.
2. Readers will learn how coping, ethnic identity, and resilience predict stress-related growth in Asian and AAPI communities to promote culturally congruent counseling strategies.
   

Stacey Diane Arañez Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC-S; Seungbin Oh, PhD, NCC, LPC; Catherine Chang, PhD, NCC, LPC, CPCS

This article examines how multiculturalism impacts diagnosis and therefore, the DSM-5, in counseling training and practice. The authors also offer recommendations on utilizing multicultural and strength-based approaches when providing counseling services.

1. Readers will have a better understanding of how the DSM-5 is used in counseling training and practice.
2. Readers will have a better understanding of the multicultural considerations for the DSM-5.
3. Readers will be more knowledgeable about a strength-based approach to supplement diagnosing from the DSM-5.
   

Saundra M. Tomlinson-Clarke, PhD; Colleen M. Georges, PhD

This article provides an overview for the layperson of the major types and extensions of factor analysis and can serve as reference for professional counselors who work in clinical, research, and educational settings.  

1. Readers will identify the basic distinctions between the two major approaches to factor analysis.
2. Readers will become aware of the two major tests that are used to determine the factorability of an inter-item correlation matrix.
3. Readers will identify the primary methods for determining a strong factor solution.
   

Michael T. Kalkbrenner, PhD, NCC

This article introduces the development and implementation of the Psychological Maltreatment Inventory (PMI) assessment with child respondents.

1. Readers will understand the critical factors defining psychological maltreatment.
2. Readers will be able to explain the anticipated impact of psychological maltreatment experiences in childhood.
3. Readers will be able to identify the need for early intervention of mental health services in accordance with psychological maltreatment experiences.
   

Alison M. Boughn, PhD, NCC, LIMHP (NE), LMHC (IA), LPC-MH (SD), ATR-BC, QMHP, TF-CBT; Daniel A. DeCino, PhD, NCC, LPC

The present study used archival data from a sample of  first responders to validate the 22-item Response to Stressful Experiences Scale (RSES-22) and its abbreviated version, the RSES-4.

1. Readers will understand why assessing resilience is important when treating first responders.
2. Readers will conceptualize resilience from a strength-based perspective.
   

Warren N. Ponder, PhD; Elizabeth A. Prosek, PhD, NCC, LPC; Tempa Sherrill, MS, LPC-S

This article presents a content analysis of counseling scholarship related to Whiteness for articles published in national peer-reviewed counseling journals within the 35-year time frame (1984–2019) following the publication of Janet Helms’s seminal work on White racial identity.

1. Consider the importance of examining the impact of Whiteness and White racial identity on the counseling process.
2. Explore publication patterns related to Whiteness/White racial identity within national peer reviewed counseling journals.
3. Examine the implications for how findings might inform future research, training, and practice related to Whiteness scholarship and assessment.
   

Hannah B. Bayne, PhD, LMHC (FL), LPC (VA); Danica G. Hays, PhD; Luke Harness; Brianna Kane

This article examines the prevalence of suicide training among school counselors as well as differences in suicide assessment self-efficacy and workplace anxiety between school counselors who were exposed to student suicide and those who were not.

1. Readers will be able to recognize the lack of suicide and crisis training among school counselors.
2. Readers will be able to identify the relationship between student suicide exposure and school counselors’ suicide assessment self-efficacy.
3. Readers will be able to recognize the need for counselor education programs to improve school counselors’ training in the areas of suicide assessment and prevention.
   

Alexander T. Becnel, PhD, NCC, LPC; Lillian Range, PhD; Theodore P. Remley, Jr., JD, PhD, NCC

This study examined differences in counselor education doctoral students’ self-efficacy toward teaching related to their number of experiences with fieldwork in teaching (FiT).

1. Readers will have increased awareness and understanding of current research related to fieldwork-in-teaching (FiT) experiences within counselor education and supervision doctoral programs.
2. Readers will have increased understanding of the relationship between counselor education doctoral students’ (CEDS’) fieldwork-in-teaching (FiT) experiences and self-efficacy toward teaching.
3. Readers will learn action steps to creatively incorporate research findings regarding FiT to foster CEDS’ teaching development.
   

Eric G. Suddeath, PhD, LPC-S (MS); Eric R. Baltrinic, PhD, LPCC-S (OH); Heather J. Fye, PhD, NCC, LPC (OH); Ksenia Zhbanova, EdD; Suzanne M. Dugger, EdD, NCC, ACS, LPC (MI), SC (MI, FL); Sumedha Therthani, PhD, NCC

This pilot study with ninth-grade students investigates the impact of the Making Choices and Reducing Risk (MCARR) program, a drug and alcohol use prevention program for the school setting.

1. Appreciate the role of the school counselor in providing primary prevention of drug and alcohol use in secondary education.
2. Gain knowledge of theoretical underpinnings and core components of the MCARR curriculum.
3. Understand the results of a study of the feasibility of the MCARR and implications for school counselors.
   

Louisa L. Foss-Kelly, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC; Margaret M. Generali, PhD; Michael J. Crowley, PhD

The article works to connect relational–cultural theory (RCT) as a relevant theoretical framework for counseling with older LGBTQ+ adults of color.

1. Readers will be able to summarize the core components of relational–cultural theory.
2. Readers will be able to explain common physical and mental health disparities in the population of older LGBTQ+ adults of color.
3. Readers will be able to apply relational–cultural theory to client conceptualization with clients who have multiple marginalized identities.
   

Christian D. Chan, PhD, NCC; Camille D. Frank, PhD, NCC, LPC; Melisa DeMeyer, PhD, NCC, LPC; Aishwarya Joshi, MA, NCC, LPC; Edson Andrade Vargas, PhD; Nicole Silverio, MA, NCC, LMHC, LMFT

School counselor caseload and percentage of time spent on college-readiness counseling were analyzed to provide implications for school counselors, counselor educators, and future researchers on the importance of STEM self-efficacy and other interventions.

1. Readers will understand the historical and current contextual factors considered in the study of STEM postsecondary attainment and persistence.
2. Readers will gain knowledge on the results of a longitudinal, nationally representative study of student outcomes in STEM attainment and persistence.
3. Readers will obtain practical implications for school counselors and counselor educators to increase equity in STEM counseling.
   

Dana L. Brookover, PhD, NCC

A grounded theory study was employed to identify the conditions contributing to the core phenomenon of Asian American activists mobilizing toward thick solidarity with the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in 2020.

1. Readers will learn how the racialized experiences of Asian American and Black communities in America have contributed to complex and nuanced racial relationships.
2. Readers will understand how causal conditions, contextual factors, and intervening conditions affect actions and foster pathways toward mobilization in thick solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020.
3. Readers will learn how the grounded theory can be used when counseling Asian American clients to promote interracial healing and intergenerational trauma as well as cultivate dual identities that foster racial coalitions.
   

Stacey Diane Arañez Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC-S; Christian D. Chan, PhD, NCC

Researchers explored ballet culture and identity and their impact on ballet dancers' mental health.

1. Readers will be able to define the similarities and differences between professional ballet dancers, performing artists, and elite athletes.
2. Readers will obtain information from the participants’ statements and experiences of mental health as professional ballet dancers.
3. Readers will receive knowledge and recommendations for counseling professional ballet dancers.
   

J. Claire Gregory, MA, NCC, LPC, LCDC; Claudia Interiano-Shiverdecker, PhD

This qualitative grounded theory study used interviews and field notes to understand the decision-making process of parents and guardians of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth providing informed consent for their children to undergo gender-confirming endocrinological interventions (GCEI), such as hormone replacement therapy and puberty blockers.

1. Readers of this report will familiarize themselves with the developmental, clinical, ethical, and legal concerns specific to the parents of TGD youth who are seeking GCEI.
2. Readers will learn the results of this grounded theory study, including the inhibitors and contributors to parents giving informed consent for their child to undergo GCEI as well as a dissonance to consonance model parents used to combine contributing factors and overcome inhibiting factors.
3. Readers will consider the implications of these results as they relate to the development of multicultural competency in general as well as competency specific to working with TGD youth and their families throughout counseling program curriculum.
   

Charles F. Shepard, PhD, NCC, LPC; Darius A. Green, PhD, NCC; Karli M. Fleitas, MA; Debbie C. Sturm, PhD, LPC

To inform and strengthen their practice, researchers engaged in a practitioner inquiry study to understand how practicum students experienced mindfulness as a central part of supervision.

1. Readers will define how school counseling practicum students experienced mindfulness within a constructivist approach to supervision.
2. Readers will describe mindfulness exercises they can use within their own supervision practices.
   

Jennifer Scaturo Watkinson, PhD, LCPC; Gayle Cicero, EdD, LCPC; Elizabeth Burton

This study examined master's-level counseling students’ experiences of participating and leading in both face-to-face and online experiential group counseling training programs.

1. Readers will understand master’s-level counseling students’ challenges in online group counseling training.
2. Readers will understand the importance of setting ground rules for online group counseling training.
3. Readers will understand the importance of online group counseling training for master’s-level counseling students.
   

Bilal Urkmez, PhD, LPC, CRC; Chanda Pinkney, MA, CT; Daniel Bonnah Amparbeng, MEd, NCC, LPC; Nanang Gunawan, MA; Jennifer Ojiambo Isiko, MA; Brandon Tomlinson, MA, NCC, LPC; Christine Suniti Bhat, PhD, LPC, LSC

The authors examined the application of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS) to the middle adolescent population, analyzing survey data from the 2017 Oregon Healthy Teen dataset, which included 10,703 students in 11th grade. Binary logistic regressions were used to examine the extent to which the IPTS constructs of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness predicted middle adolescent suicide ideation and attempt.

1. Understand the influence of developmental goals/characteristics of middle adolescence on the constructs of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide.
2. Evaluate current practices and apply the tenets of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide and the implications from this particular study to clinical work with middle adolescent clients.
   

Emily Sallee, PhD, BC-TMH, LSC, PCLC; Abraham Cazares-Cervantes, PhD, LSC; Kok-Mun Ng, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain insight into the lived experiences of participants in a therapeutic youth mentoring program. The participants in this study were 14 youth, ages 11–15, who were considered “at-promise youth” if they were not reaching their full potential in the school setting and might be vulnerable to school dropout, substance use/misuse, and/or criminal behavior.

1. Identify what makes a youth mentoring program therapeutic.
2. Recognize the additional training and supervision that is needed when adding a therapeutic component to youth mentoring programs.
3. Apply and integrate therapeutic interventions into a youth mentoring program.
   

Diane M. Stutey, PhD, NCC, LPC, RPT-S; Abigail E. Solis, MA; Kim Severn, MA, LPC; Lori Notestine, PhD, LPC; Kodi L. Enkler; Joseph Wehrman, PhD, LPC; Molly Cammell, MA

The purpose of this article is to help readers understand the problematic diagnostic validity associated with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and to present recommended treatment strategies for working with youth who fit this challenging symptom profile.

1. Understand the rationale for including DMDD in the DSM-5.
2. Understand the limited reliability and validity of DMDD as a stand-alone diagnostic construct.
3. Become familiar with the current treatment research on DMDD and commonly recommended treatment strategies.
   

Gregory T. Hatchett, PhD, NCC, LPCC-S

The authors examined the impact of mental health counselors’ experiences of adverse childhood experiences and positive childhood experiences on their present rates of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress.

1. Identify ways in which a mental health counselor’s own history of ACEs and PCEs can affect the likelihood they will experience burnout.
2. Identify factors that predict higher or lower levels of compassion satisfaction.
3. Identify ways in which demographic identity can affect experiences such as secondary traumatic stress.
   

Eric M. Brown, PhD, LPC; Kristy L. Carlisle, PhD; Melanie Burgess, PhD; Jacob Clark, BS; Ariel Hutcheon, MA

The current study uses a cross-sectional survey design to contribute to the extant literature and explore how PSCs in the United States work with students in the K–12 public school system. Results from multiple regression analyses indicate that PSCs who have had postgraduate training and report personal and professional experiences with trans students are more competent in working with trans students. Implications for PSCs and school counselor education programs are discussed.

1. Readers will better understand the complex, systemic challenges faced by trans students in schools.
2. Readers will identify important factors that contribute to increased competence among school counselors in schools.
3. Readers will learn of the ways in which school counselors can be affirming, supportive, and celebrative of trans students, as is mandated by ASCA.
   

Clark D. Ausloos, PhD, NCC, LPC, LPSC; Madeline Clark, PhD, NCC, ACS, LPC (VA), LPCC (OH); Hansori Jang, PhD, NCC; Tahani Dari, PhD, NCC, LPC (MI), LPSC; Stacey Diane Arañez Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC-S

The authors conducted a qualitative case study exploring supervisee experiences in social justice supervision and identified three themes from the participants’ experiences: intersection of supervision experiences and external factors, feelings about social justice, and personal and professional growth. Two subthemes were also identified: increased understanding of privilege and increased understanding of clients. Given these findings, the authors present practical applications for supervisors to incorporate social justice into supervision.

1. Readers will understand recent calls for social justice supervision and the lack of research on the topic.
2. Readers will learn reasons for counselor educators and supervisors to consider using social justice supervision.
3. Readers will learn the findings of a qualitative case study conducted with three participants who experienced social justice supervision.
   

Clare Merlin-Knoblich, PhD, NCC; Jenna L. Taylor, MA, NCC, LPC-A; Benjamin Newman, PhD, MAC, ACS, LPC, CSAC, CSOTP

Clients may take herbaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, and dietary supplements instead of, or in combination with, prescription drugs. This article reviews relevant research and professional publications in order to provide an overview of the most commonly used psychoactive non-prescription products, counselor roles, client concerns, associated counseling ethics, diversity and cultural considerations, and counselor supervision concerns.

1. The reader will be able to identify common herbal remedies, over-the-counter drugs (OTCs), and dietary supplements that clients may use for mental health concerns.
2. The reader will understand the boundaries of professional competence regarding herbal remedies, OTCs, and dietary supplements.
3.  The reader will be able to integrate knowledge of herbal remedies, OTCs, and dietary supplements into the counseling process.
   

Sabina Remmers de Vries, PhD, NCC, LPC-S; Christine D. Gonzales-Wong, PhD, NCC, LPC

Using hermeneutic phenomenology, the authors interviewed counselor educators to identify how they experienced dissertation-chairing relationship dynamics with doctoral students.  Findings provide counselor educators with examples of how empathy and encouragement may help doctoral students overcome insecurities and how authentic and honest conversations may help doctoral students overcome roadblocks.

1. Readers will understand characteristics and skills that can help counselor educators strengthen dissertation-chairing relationships as well as strategies to avoid and manage common relational challenges in dissertation relationships.
2. Readers will conceptualize the ways that safety, trust, authenticity, and adaptation function in dissertation-chairing relationships.
   

Phillip L. Waalkes, PhD, NCC, ACS; Daniel A. DeCino, PhD, NCC, LPC; Maribeth F. Jorgensen, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMHC, LIMHP; Tiffany Somerville, MS

This study involved a longitudinal analysis of the journal article publications accrued by counselor educators at comprehensive universities over the first 20 years since receiving their doctoral degrees.

1. Understand the number of journal article publications typically accrued by counselor educators at comprehensive universities over the first 20 years over their careers.
2. Understand the factors that predict journal article publications for counselor educators at comprehensive universities.
3. Appreciate the potential disconnect between the research training required in accredited doctoral programs and the career pathways subsequently pursued by many graduates of these programs.
   

Gregory T. Hatchett, PhD, NCC, LPCC-S

Quantitative methodology was utilized to assess factors influencing veteran school counselors’ decisions to report suspected child abuse. This study is a focused examination of the responses of veteran school counselors from a larger data set. Implications for training and advocacy for veteran school counselors are discussed.

1. Identify three reasons for reporting or not reporting suspected child abuse by veteran school counselors.
2. Identify the prevalence of child abuse reporting by veteran school counselors within the school year.
   

Lacey Ricks, PhD, NCC, NCSC; Malti Tuttle, PhD, NCC, NCSC, LPC; Sara E. Ellison, MS, NCC, LAPC

To test the hypothesized moderation effects of supervisee levels on the relationship between supervisory styles and the supervisory working alliance, the author performed a series of moderation analyses with a sample of master’s- and doctoral-level counseling trainees and practitioners.

1. Readers understand three constructs critical to clinical supervision (supervisory styles, supervisee levels, and the supervisory working alliance).
2. Readers understand the moderating roles of supervisee levels between supervisory styles and the supervisory working alliance.
3. Readers understand the importance of supervisors adopting a composite of supervisory styles to varying degrees to support supervisee growth.
   

Dan Li, PhD, NCC, LSC (NC, K–12)

Authors explore how feminist-identified counselor educators understand and experience power in counselor education through a structured interview protocol.

1. Readers will understand the relative centrality of power in different domains of counseling and counselor education.
2. Readers will be able to identify how feminist-identified counselor educators describe feeling empowered versus disempowered.
3. Readers will be able to describe how power has been explored in the context of clinical supervision.
   

Melissa J. Fickling, PhD, ACS, BC-TMH, LCPC; Matthew Graden, MSEd; Jodi L. Tangen

Authors use a single-case research design with a small sample to assess the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) for Latine clients experiencing mental health concerns.

1. Participants will learn about fundamental principles of solution-focused brief therapy.
2. Participants will learn about the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy for increasing hope among Latine clients who receive services at a community counseling clinic.
3. Participants will learn about the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy for decreasing clinical symptoms among Latine clients who receive services at a community counseling clinic.
   

Krystle Himmelberger, MS, LPC; James Ikonomopoulos, PhD, LPC-S; Javier Cavazos Vela, PhD, LPC

The author provides guidelines and a sample Methods section to enable readers in writing a rigorous quantitative Methods section in counseling and related fields.

1. Readers will learn how to recognize the major subsections that should be included in a quantitative Methods section.
2. Readers will learn how to evaluate and critique the major subsections that should be included in a quantitative Methods section.
   

Michael T. Kalkbrenner, PhD, NCC

The authors examine whether school counselors’ emotional intelligence predicted their comprehensive school counseling program implementation and whether engagement in transformational leadership practices mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and CSCP implementation.

1. Readers will be able to describe the relationships between school counselors’ emotional intelligence, transformational leadership practice, and comprehensive school counseling program (CSCP) implementation.
2. Readers will be able to identify two–three strategies to enhance their emotional intelligence, transformational leadership practice, and CSCP implementation.
3. Readers will be able to describe areas of emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, and CSCP implementation that may warrant future research.
   

Derron Hilts, PhD, NCC; Yanhong Liu, PhD, NCC; Melissa Luke, PhD, NCC

Authors validated STEM students’ scores on the Revised Fit, Stigma, and Value (RFSV) Scale, a screening tool for measuring barriers to seeking counseling. These results established the capacity of STEM students’ RFSV scores to predict peer-to-peer referrals to the counseling center and revealed demographic differences in barriers to counseling.

1. Readers will learn about the three major barriers to counseling that are appraised by the Revised Fit, Stigma, and Value Scale.
2. Readers will consider demographic differences by ethnicity and help-seeking history among STEM students.
3. Readers will learn about strategies for how to make counseling more inviting to STEM students.
   

Michael T. Kalkbrenner, PhD, NCC; Gabriella Miceli, MS, LPC-A